Class 10th Economic Chapter 1 / Development/ notes

   Development

     

  Development defined as growth, some important goals of development are, seeking more income, equal treatment, freedom, security, respect from others, etc. 

     Development based on two principles:-

 

 (i) Different people have different developmental goals. 

 (ii) What may be development for one may not be for the other. 

Income and Other Goals

The development Goals of the people are not only based on better income but they always looks at a mix goals of development along with income they are-

 

1. People desire regular work, better wages and decent price for their crops or other products. 

2. Also seek equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others and resent discrimination. 

3. Quality of our life also depends on non material things. 

4. Before accepting a job, one looks at facilities for his family, working  atmosphere or opportunity to learn

     Hence for development, people look at mix of goals. 

National Development

National Development refers to the ability of a Nation to improve the lives of its citizens. Measure of improvement may be material, such as availability of health, etc. 

Average income

When the total income of the country is divided by its population, we can get the Average income and  it also called Per Capita income. 

Criterion to compare Economic Development of countries

Standard of living of people in a country depends on their per capita income. 

    Countries with higher per capita income are considered to be more developed than with less per capita income. 

 Countries with per capita income of US$ 12736 per annum and above in 2013 are called rich countries. And those with per capita income of US$ 1045 or less are called low income countries. 

     India comes under low- income countries because it's per capita income in 2013 was just US$  1570 per annum. 

Income and other Criterion

As people not only think of better income rather they seek for a mixed goals of development. The other criterion are also important and they are:-

Infant mortality Rate

Infant Mortality rate is the number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in given geographical area during a given year. 

Literacy Rate

 Literacy rate is the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write with understanding. 

Net Attendance Ratio

Net Attendance ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of people in the official Age-group attending any educational institution in a particular class group to the total number of people in the age - group. 

Public facilities

Public facilities are those which are provided by the government to satisfy the collective needs of the people. 

Ex- hospital, schools, community halls etc. 

     Public facilities give importance on other things rather than income, it believes that Money cannot buy a pollution free environment or ensure that you get  adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. 

Sustainability of Development

Sustainability of development says that, Development should take place but without harming environment. 

    Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national and state boundaries. Our future is linked together. 

Sustainability of development is a new area of knowledge in which scientists, Economists, philosophers, and other social scientist are working together. 

Human Development Index

Human development index is defined as a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries in four tiers of human development. 

It has three indicators:-

Life expectancy -   Defines as the Average number of years that a new-born could expect to live if he or she were to pass through life, subject to the age- specific mortality rates of a given period. 

Gross Enrollment Ratio -  Is determined by the number of students enrolled in school at different grade levels. 

Per capita Income - It is the per head income of the people of a country. Calculated by total income divided by total population. 

  Adding these three indicators and dividing it by 3 , gives you the human development index. 

HDI =  life exp. Index +  gross enrollment ratio +  per capita income index  ÷ 3.

It is prepared by the United Nations Development Programme( UNDP) . 

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