Class 10th Geography/Resources/notes

Resources

    

Definition:-  Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provide, it is technological accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resource. 

Classification of resources:-

Resources can broadly classified as :-

(a) On the basis of origin

(b) On the basis of exhaustibility

(c) On the basis of ownership

(d) On the basis of status of development. 

      On the basis of origin

On the basis of origin resources can be of two types Biotic and abiotic. 

Biotic- living organisms, obtain from biosphere. 

Abiotic- composed of non living things. 

On the basis of Exhaustibility

On the basis of exhaustibility resources can be of two types 

(I) Renewable   (ii) Non- renewable

The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are called renewable or Replenishable. 

Ex- Water, solar energy, wind energy etc. 

Non- renewable resources are those resources which takes a very long time to occur and even never         re produce again if once they exhausted. 

EX-  Minerals and fossil fuel

On the basis of ownership

On the basis of ownership resources can be of four types Individual resources, community resources, National resources, International resources. 

Resources owned privately by individual called Individual resources. 

Ex-  In village ares land owned by farmers, in urban areas plot, Houses car etc. 

 

Community owned resources are those resources which are accessible to all members of the community. 

Ex- park, picnic spot, club, playground etc. 

Technically, all the resources belong to the nation called national resources. 

Ex- Government acquired land, all the minerals, forest, wildlife etc. 

International resources are those resources regulated by international institutions. 

Ex- The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic zone belong to ocean and no individual county can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions. 

On the basis of status of Development

On the basis of status of development resources can be of four types,  Potential resources, Developed resources, stock and reserve. 

  Potential resources are the resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. 

Ex-  In the Western part of India particularly in Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for wind and solar energy, but so far they have not used properly. 

Developed resources are the resources which are currently in use   they are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined. 

Ex-  The different form of crude oil. 

Stock are the resources which have potentially to human needs but human beings do not have appropriate technology to access those. 

Ex- Hydrogen can be used as a rich source of energy but we don't have advanced technology. 

Reserve are the kind of resources which we can put into use , by existing technology but instead of using them in current situation they are kept for meeting the need of future. 

Ex- water in dams, forest etc. 

Development of Resources

By considering resources as free gift of nature human being used them indiscriminately and this led to following problems. 

• Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individual

• Accumulation of resources in few hands divided the society into Haves and have nots or rich and poor. 

• Indiscriminate exploitation led to ecological crisis such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. 

   To overcome from these problems an equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life. Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development. 

Sustainable development

Sustainable development means ' development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations'. 

Rio de Janeiro Earth summit, 1992 /  Agenda 21

In June 1992 more than 100 heads of state met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The summit was convened for addressing problem of environmental protection and socio-economic development. 

  

There they adopted Agenda 21. The major objective of the Agenda is that every local government should draw it's own local sustainable development. 

Resource Planning in India:-

Resource planning is a Complex process which involve

1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation. 

2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appreciate technology. Skills and institutional setup for implementing resources development plans. 

3. Matching the resources development plans with overall national development plan. 

Land Resources

India has land under a variety of relief features, mountains, plateau, plains and island. About 43% of land area is Plain, mountains account for 30%, and plateau account 27%.

Land Utilisation

Land resources are used for the following purpose:

1. Forest

2.Land not available for cultivation

(a) Barren and waste land

(b) Land put to now agricultural uses e.g. building, roads, factories etc

3. Other uncultivated land

(a)  pastures and grazing land

(b) waste land( left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years) 

4. Fallow land

5. Net sown area : Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area. 

    The use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well as human factors such as population density. 

    Total geographical of India is 3.28 million sq km. But it accounts only 93℅ of total geographical area because land use reporting for most of  the North East states except Assam.

Land degradation and conservation

At present there are about 130 million Hectares of degraded land in India.

   

     Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and  quarrying have contributed in land degradation. 

  Afforestation and proper management of grazing, proper management of waste land, control of mining activities can reduce land and water degradation. 

Soil as a Resource

 Six major types of soil found in India

   • Alluvial soil

   • Black soil

   • Red and yellowsoil

   • Laterite soil

   •  Arid soil

   • Forest & mountainous soil

Alluvial soils

1. Most widely spread soil in India. 

2. Found in Northern plain areas. 

3. Also found in some part of Rajasthan and Gujarat and in the Deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and the Kaveri. 

4. As per their age alluvial souls can be of two types old Alluvial or Bangar and new Alluvial or  Khadar. 

5. Bangar soils are made up of kanker nodules where as  Khadar are fine particles. 

Black Soil

1. These soils are black in colour and also known as regur soils. 

2.  Black soil is ideal for growing cotton. 

3. This types of soils found in Deccan trap region spread over Northwest Deccan plateau. 

4.  Covers Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, MP. 

Red and yellow soils

1. Red and yellow soil develops on crystalline in areas of low rain fall in the  eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. 

2. Found in Odisha, chhatisgarh. 

 3. This soil reddish in colour due to diffusion of iron in rock. 

Laterite soil

1. The laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall

2.  Those soils are mostly found in Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Mp. 

3. This soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee. 

4.  Red laterite soils in Tamilnadu, AP, and Kerala are  more suitable for crops like cashew nut. 

Arid soils

1. These soils are red to brown in colour. 

2. Sandy in texture and saline in nature. 

3. Found in Rajasthan and some part of Gujarat. 

Forest soil

Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. 

    

Soil Erosion and  soil conservation

Human activities as well as  natural forces like wind, glacier, and water lead to soil erosion. 

      Afforestation, terrace farming are some of the method by following which soil erosion can be stopped. 

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