CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 1 Important Questions > The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (2020-21)
Class 10 History Chapter 1 - The rise of Nationalism in Europe > Important Assignment Questions.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Very Short Answer Questions
Q. 1. What does ' Nation - state ' mean?
Ans. Nation- state means, a Nation where the majority of of it's citizens along with the rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history Or descent.
Q. 2. To which country did the artist Frederic Sorriau belong?
Ans. Artist Frederic Sorriau was belong to French.
Q. 3. What was the main aim of the French Revolutionaries?
Ans. The main aim of French revolutionaries was to liberate the people of France and also the people of Europe from despotism and to establish nation- state inder common people's rule.
Q. 4. Who implemented the Civil code of 1804 in French?
Ans. Napoleon Bonaparte implemented the Civil code of 1804 in France.
Q. 5. In which year the Treaty of Vienna was signed?
Ans. The Treaty of Vienna was signed in 1815.
Q. 6. Who was Otto von Bismarck?
Ans. Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and was the architect of the unification of Germany. He carried out this process of unification with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
Q. 7. Why was Count Camillo de Cavour was remembered in history?
Ans. De Cavour was the Chief Minister of Italy, during Italy unification, so he was remembered in history.
Q. 8. What was ' Romanticism' during the age of revolutions?
Ans. Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
Q. 9. What is an Allegory? State any one example ?
Ans. Allegory means when an abstract idea for instance; greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing. It is symbolic.
Ex:- Statue of liberty, Marianne, Germania etc.
Q. 10. Name the Balkan countries?
Ans . The Balkan countries are :- Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece , Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina , Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.
Short Answer Questions
Q. 1. Describe any three economic hardship faced by Europe in the 1830s?
Ans. Economic hardship faced by Europe in the 1830s :
i) Rapid increase in Population was seen all over Europe. In most of countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in over crowed slums.
ii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England.
iii) In Europe, where the aristocracy still enjoyed power , peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
iv) The rise of food prices as a result of bad harvest led to wide spread pauperism in town and country.
Q. 2. What were the major proposals of the Vienna congress?
Ans. In 1815 the European powers met at Vienna and tried to transform all the changes that came about in Europe during Napoleon's era.
The four major proposals features of the Vienna congress were
i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.
ii) A series of states were setup on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
iv) The German Confederation of 39 states that had been setup by Napoleon was left untouched.
Q. 3. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century?
Ans. I) Romanticism referred to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiment. Romantic artist and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science.
II) They focussed on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
III) Some German Romantics like Johann Gottfried, Herder thought that through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dance, the true spirit of the nation could be popularised. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people.
Q. 4. Describe any three conditions that led to the formation of the British Nation state.
Ans.
The condition that led to the formation of the British Nation state were:
i) The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones- such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English Nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power it was able to extend its influence over the other Nations of the islands.
ii) The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protected conflict, was the instrument through which a nation state, with England at its centre, came to forged.
iii) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ' United Kingdom of Great Britain' meant, in effect that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British Parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
Q. 5. Why was the Napoleonic rule over other regions unpopular with some sections of Europe?
Ans. Initially the French Armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility. Because people gradually understood that new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
The four factors which seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes are
i) Increased taxation on people.
ii) Strict censorship on printing media and books.
iii) Forced recruitment into French armies to satisfy its imperialist ambition.
iv) Restrictions on Freedom.
Q. 6. What were the Various impact of French Revolution?
Ans. The French revolution which took place in 1789 had various impact on Europe;
i) The revolution led to the setting up of Jacobin Clubs in different cities of Europe by students and other members of educated middle classes. It further paved the way for the French armies to moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and some parts of Italy in the 1790s . The idea of nationalism began to be carried by French armies.
ii) Another impact of the Revolution was the rise of Napoleon. He took several steps to reform the economy of Europe. The most important among them was the Civil code of 1804 which brought the concept of equality of law and uniform laws.
iii) The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to liberate the people of Europe from despotism. They wanted to help other people of Europe to become nations.
Q. 7. Mention three features of the painting of Frederic Sorriau.
Ans. The features are;
i) Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage.
ii) Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Rights of man.
iii) On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
Q. 8. How did Napoleonic trade benefited the businessman and small scale producers?
Ans. Businessman and small scale producers of goods, in particular began to realise that uniform laws , standardised weight and measures and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Q. 9. Give any four Values which can be derived from the term ' Liberalism'.
Ans. The values that can be derived from the term Liberalism are
i) Freedom for all and equality of all before the law.
ii) Freedom of expression viz. Freedom of press and freedom of association.
iii) Creation of a nation state on parliamentary principles, i.e. government by people.
iv) Changes in the field of economy, i.e. abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capitals.
Q. 10. What do you mean by Conservatism? Highlight the main features of the beliefs.
Ans. Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of the tradition and preferred gradual development to quick change.
Feathers:-
i) They believed in established, traditional institutions of state and society.
ii) They believed in a monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, etc.
iii) They did not propose a return to the society of pre - revolutionary days. Rather they realised that modernisation could in fact strengthen the traditional institutions like the monarchy.
Long Answer Questions
Q. 1. "Napoleon had destroyed in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Analyse the statement with arguments.
Ans. Napoleon became the ruler of France on 2nd December, 1804 .He established a monarchical political system. He was worried by the Democratic forces unleashed by the revolution. But at the same time he did not want to ignore them entirely. So he introduced some reform in the administrative system. He tried to make the whole system more rational and efficient. To achieve this goal, he took some important steps.
These were
i) He introduced civil code of 1804 which did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
ii) He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues..
iii) moreover, guild restrictions were removed, transport and communications systems were improved, standardised weight and measures and a common national currency were introduced. By these new policies peasants, artisans, workers and new businessman were benefited.
Thus , it can be concluded that Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles.
Q. 2. "Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of Liberalism".Analyse the statement.
Ans. In early nineteenth century in Europe, the idea of national unity were closely allied to the ideology of Liberalism. It can be analysed in the following ways.
i) For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and quality of all before the law. Liberals stressed the Inviolability of private property.
ii) Politically liberalism emphasised the Concept of government by consent. Since French Revolution, liberalism meant the end of autocracy and clerical privileges and tried to establish a representative government through Parliament and a Constitution for all.
iii) France first experiment the liberal democracy, thus the right to vote and get elected were granted, but only for the property owning men. Throughout the nineteenth centuries women and non-propertied men organised movements demanding political rights for all.
iv) In 1834 , a customs union Or Zolleverin was formed by Prussia and most of the German states joined.
V) They abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. This wave of economic nationalism initiated by the liberals strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments at that time.
Q. 3. Explain the process of unification of Italy.
Ans. I) Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italy was divided into seven States during the middle of the nineteenth century. Of these seven States only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. At that time , North of Italy was under Austrian Habsburg, the center was ruled by pope and the Southern Region were ruled by the Bourbon kings of Spain.
II) During 1830s , Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy. He formed the secret society called young Italy. But both uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed. Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Italy which would offer economic development and political dominance.
III) The unification of Italy was result of many wars. Chief Minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and Sardinia- Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
IV) A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement.
In 1860 , they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies succeeded to drive out the Spanish rulers with the help of local people. In 1861 , Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of United Italy.
Q. 4. Who hosted ' Vienna Congress' in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the Vienna Treaty.
Ans. The Vienna Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor " Duke Metternich. "
The main causes of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were:
I) The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during French Revolution was restored to power.
II) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
III) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French extension in future.
IV) kingdom of the Netherlands, included Belgium was set up.
V) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers.
Q. 5. Explain the nation building process of Germany.
Ans. I) After 1848 , nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.
II) Nationalist sentiments were often mobilized by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe.
III) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans in 19 century.
IV) In 1848 they tried to unite the different regions of the German Confederation into a nation state governed by an elected Parliament.
V) This liberal initiative to nation- building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.
VI) Prussia took on the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, who became the architect of this process.
VII) Three wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark and France - ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of Unification.
VIII) In January 1871 , the Prussian king William I , was proclaimed German Emperor.