Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries Notes

 CBSE Social Science > Geography Chapter 06 notes > key points

       ||CH. 06 Manufacturing         Industries||

Manufacturing :

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. 

Importance of Manufacturing:

Manufacturing is the backbone of economic development due to the following reasons ;

i) Manufacturing industries help in Modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. 

ii) Manufacturing industries reduces the dependence of people on agriculture, providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. 

iii) Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and poverty. It also aims at bringing  down regional differences by establishing industries in  backward areas. 

iv) Export of manufactured products expand the trade and commerce. 

Agriculture and Industries go hand in hand

Agriculture and Industries move hand in hand. They are dependent on each other. For instance, the agro-based industries depends on the primary sector for raw materials. For example : sugar, cotton textile, papers etc. 

       On the other hand, many industrial products like fertilisers, irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, tractors, tools  help in increasing agricultural productivity. 

Contribution of Industry to National Economy

During  last two decades,  the share of the manufacturing sector has stayed at 17 percent of GDP. Which is much lower than some East Asian economies, where it is 25 -35 %.The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12% which has been around only 7 percent in the last decade. 

  To develop the sector of manufacturing industries government has set-up the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council ( NMCC). 

   Industrial  Location  

Industrial locations are influenced by

Availability of raw materials, labour, capital, power and market facilities. 

        Classification Of Industries 

Industries  may be classified as follows :

1.  On the basis of source of raw materials

• Agro based -  cotton, woollen, jute, silk, textile, rubber and sugar, tea and coffee etc. 

• Mineral based -  iron and steel, cement, aluminum, machine tools, petrochemicals. 

2. According to Role  

• Basic key industries - Industries which supply their  products as raw materials to other industries. Like iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminum smelting. 

• Consumer industries -  Industries which produce goods for direct consumer use like sugar, paper, tooth paste, sewing machines, etc. 

3. On the basis of capital Investment

• Small scale industry -  Industries with Investment upto 1 crore

• Large scale industry - Industries  with Investment above 1 crore. 

4. On the basis of ownership

• Public sector - Owned and operated by government agencies e. g. BHEL, SAIL etc. 

• Private sector - Owned and operated by Private individuals or a group of Individuals e. g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd, Dabur Industries, Reliance etc. 

• Joint sector - These sector are jointly run by the  state and Individuals or a group of individuals   e. g.  Oil India Ltd. 

• Cooperative sector -  Owned and operated by the producers or supplier of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, and the coir industry in Kerela. 

5. On the basis of the Bulk and weight of Raw Materials and Finished Goods

• Heavy industries - Industries in which large machines and heavy or bulky raw materials are used to produce products which are heavy or bulky, including capital goods like automobiles and construction machinery. 

• Light industries - Light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods such  as Electrical industries, toy industries. 

     Types Of Industries on the Basis of material used  

  Agro Based Industries

Industries which are based on agricultural raw materials comes under this category. Such as Cotton, jute, silk, sugar, woollen textiles, edible oil etc. 

Textile Industry :

i) Textile industries is the most significant industries in India as  it contributes 14% to industrial production. 

ii) It contributes 4% to towards GDP. 

iii) It is the only industry in the country, which is self reliant and  complete in the value chain i. e. From raw material to the highest value added products. 

 

       Cotton  Textile  

i)  The first cotton textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.

ii) As per September 30 2013,there are  1900 mills in India. 

iii) About 80 % of cotton textile mills are in Private sector. 

iv)  These Industries are mainly located in Gujarat,Maharashtra and  Tamilnadu. 

      Challenges

This industry face challenges in the form of outdated machinery, irregular power supply, competition from synthetic fibres etc. Due to this there is more important of cotton yarn ( 25%) in the world Trade than manufactured garments important (4% of the world Trade) from India. 

   

    Jute Textile  

i) India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. It stands second in jute export after Bangladesh. 

ii) The first jute mill was set up near kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.

iii) Most of the jute mills located in West Bengal. 

    The National jute policy (2005)  focus on improving quality and productivity of Indian Jute. 

   Challenges

Challenges faced by the industry include less demand and stiff competition in the international market from synthetic fibres and from other jute growing countries like Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Brazil and Egypt. 

  Sugar Industry 

i) India stands second as a world Producer of sugar but occupies the First place in the production of gur and khandsari. 

ii) Sugar mills are located in Uttarpradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu etc. 

iii) In recent years there is a tendency for mills to concentrate in the Southern and Western States, especially in Maharashtra. This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content and relatively cooler climate also ensure a longer crushing season. 

   Challenges

The major challenges include the seasonal nature of the industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximise the use of baggase. 

   Mineral Based Industries

Industries that use minerals as raw materials are called mineral based industries. 

Iron and steel industry 

i)  It is the basic industry as heavy, medium and light industries depends on it for raw materials. 

ii) It is also consider as heavy industry because both the raw materials and finished goods are bulky and heavy. 

iii) steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction materials, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. 

iv) Chhotanagpur plateau region has maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. 

v) Most of these plants are managed by the steel Authority of India Ltd. ( SAIL) 

  Challenges faced by Iron and steel Industry

• limited availability and high cost of cooking coal. 

• Poor infrastructure. 

• Lower productivity of labour. 

• Irregular supply of energy and power. 

  Aluminium Smelting

i) Aluminium Smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. 

ii) It is used to making aircraft, utensils and wires. 

iii) Aluminium smelting plants in India located in Odisha, west Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. 

iv) Bauxite is the raw material used is smelting. 

   Chemical Industries

i) It is the fastest growing industry in India. 

ii) It contributes approximately 3 percent of GDP. 

iii) Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid,   , nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda. 

iv) Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. 

Automobile Industry

i) Automobile sector provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers. 

ii) This Industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years. 

iii) At present there are 15 manufacturers of passengers cars and multi utility vehicles, 9of commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and three- Wheelers. 

iv)The  industries are located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Banglore. 

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

It  covers products from transistor sets to television, telephone, cellphones, telephone exchange, radars, computers and other equipment required by the telecommunication and computer industry. 

Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 

Software Technology

At present there are 46 software technology parks in India in which 30% are women employees. The fast growing BPO sector is a major foreign exchange earner for the country. 

   Important IT centres in India are Banglore, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.