CLASS 10 ECONOMIC CHAPTER 1
Development
NCERT SOLUTIONS
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by
(i) its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii) health status of its people
(iv) all the above
Answer: (iv) all the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan
Answer: (ii) Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(i) Rs 7500
(ii) Rs 3000
(iii) Rs 2000
(iv) Rs 6000
Answer: (iv) Rs 6000
Explanation:
Total income of four families = 5,000 × 4 = ₹20,000
Total income of three families
= 4,000+7, 000+3, 000 = 14,000
Income of the fourth Family is
20,000 - 14,000 = 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer:
i) The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is - the pet capita income ( the average income of a person in the country) .
ii) It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country.
iii) As per 2017, the countries with per capita income of US $12,056 or more are declared rich countries and the countries with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
The limitations of the criterion are as follow:-
- i) It does not give any information about the distribution of the average income among the people in a country.
- ii) It ignores important factors like literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare, etc.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer: The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used by the World Bank because
i) World bank only uses per capita income for measuring the development of a country .
ii) UNDP besides considering per capita incomes, compares countries on the basis of the educational level of the people, healthcare facilities and infant mortality rate which are important in improving the quality of life and making the citizens more productive.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:
i) We use averages for a better understanding.
ii) While taking total income as comparison, it is the total population that makes variations and big countries have always higher value than smaller countries.
iii) So, average income shows per capita income of the citizens. It gives an edge over counting total income.
Yes it also has some Limitations like There may not be equal distribution of income.
A small number of people may be extremely rich and the masses may be poor.
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer:
No, I do not agree that income or per capita income should not be used to compare states.
However other factors like Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate and Net Attendance Ratio are also very crucial for overall human development. With keeping these factors in mind alongwith per capita, Kerala is better than Haryana.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer:
i) The present sources of energy used by people in India are firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas.
ii) The other possibilities fifty years from now could be using solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, tidal energy, wave energy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy, etc.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer:
Sustainable development refers to , development should take place without damaging the environment. The issue of sustainability is important for development because it should not compromise on the needs of future generations.
The unchecked exploitation of non-renewable natural resources like Petroleum, oil and minerals are increasing, as these natural resources are limited, so development should not take place at the cost of these scarce natural resources.
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer:
According to the statement the statement, “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person” is completely relevant in terms of the development of a country because
The Earth provides enough resources to meet the needs of all living beings still today's generation has become so greedy for their own betterment and development they do activities like - Deforestation, indiscriminate use of Agro-chemicals, extraction of ground water in excess of recharge capacity etc.
As both resources and development are important, we should use the resources in a judicious way to meet our needs not to satisfy our greed.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer: The few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe around us are:
- i. Water pollution by use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
ii. Ground water depletion
iii. Soil erosion
- iv. Deforestation
- v. Burning of coal and mineral oil.
Important Assignment Questions Of Class 10 Economic Chapter 1 Development
Very Short type Questions
Q. 1. What is Infant mortality rate?
Ans. It is the number of deaths of infants under one year per 1000 live births in a particular area.
Q. 2. What do you understand by HDI ?
Ans. HDI stands for Human Development Index.
Q. 3. Why Kerala has a low infant mortality rate?
Ans. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Q. 4. Name the international organisation that publishes Human Development Report.
Ans. United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP) publishes Human development report every year.
Q. 5. Which indicators taken into consideration for measuring Human Development Index ( HDI)?
Ans. Per Capita income, Life expectancy at birth, Literacy rate for 15+ population and Gross enrollment ratio for three levels.
Q. 6. Why do people look at a mix goals for development?
Ans. People look at a mix of goals for development because they want more income along with respect, dignity, safety, security, pollution free environment etc.
Q. 7. How many Countries are included in HDI ranking?
Ans. There were 189 countries are included in HDI as per 2019 report.
Q. 8. Which region of the world has the maximum amount of crude oil reserve?
Ans. The middle- East countries have maximum amount ( more than 50%) of crude oil reserve.
Q. 9. What are the developmental goals for landless rural labourers?
Ans. Development Goals for landless rural labourers are more days of work and better wages, local schools, which are able to provide quality education for their children and there should not be any social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
Q. 10. What is National income?
Ans. The Sum total of all goods and services produced within a country or nation's gross domestic product GDP plus net income received from overseas during a period of one year.
Short Answer Questions
Q. 1. Mention any four characteristics of Development.
Ans. I) Development is linked with the desire to improve the present Condition.
II) Development involves thinking about the questions and about the ways in which we can work towards achieving our desired goals.
III) There can be different development Goals for different persons.
IV) Development for one may not be development for others. It may even be destructive for other.
Q. 2. Why is Per capita Incomes not an adequate indicator of economic development of a country?
Ans. Average or Per capita incomes are useful for comparing countries, but they also hide disparities.
They do not give the true picture of a country due to the following reasons
i) They do not tell us how equally or evenly income is distributed.
ii) They do not give information regarding the human development index such as literacy rate, infant mortality rate etc.
iii) Average do not give us any information regarding the non-materialistic Goods and services.
Q. 3. "Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well" Is it true or not?
Ans. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. Normally money cannot buy us a pollution-free environment or ensure that we get
Unadulterated medicine. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases,
Unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.
. Q. 4. Why countries of the Middle - East are not called developed in spite of high per Capita income?
Ans. The countries of middle-east may have very high per capita income due to revenues from crude oil, but they are otherwise not developed in each sector ( except Israel) .
Their literacy rate , life expectancy at birth and other similar parameters do not match those of developed countries of the West. The probable reason is that they have become rich Nations recently due to sharp increase in the price of oil, but their society has not developed accordingly. Most of the wealth is accumulated in few hands, so the society has widespread inequality.
Q. 5. Describe any three public facilities needed for development.
Ans. Public facilities are provided by the government. Such facilities are:
i) The Public Distribution system ( PDS) , which provides fair average quality of foodgrains and other essential items to weaker sections at subsidised price.
ii) Government schools which provide elementary education upto class 8 totally free for all children upto the age of 14 years.
iii) Healthcare in government hospitals and dispensaries is provided to all at subsidised rates.This includes outpatient as well as hospitalisation facilities.
Long Answer Questions
Q. 1. "National Development of a country depends on the availability of public facilities " How?
Ans. Public facilities are those provided by the government, instead of the individuals or private sources. For this reason, they may be either highly subsidised or totally free cost. They are important because many persons do not have enough income to be able to avail facilities provided by the private sector, resulting in difficulties faced like inadequate healthcare, poor nutrition, lack of education etc.
The utility of two public facilities available in India are
i) One public facility is the Public Distribution system (PDC) which provides fair average quality of foodgrains and other essential items to the weather sections of the population at subsidised price.
ii) The other is healthcare in government hospitals and dispensaries, which is provided to all at subsidised rates. This includes outpatient as well as hospitalisation facilities.
Q. 2. Why is literacy essential for the economic development? Explain.
Ans. Literacy rate is essential element for the economic development since:
I) Education only gives us vast knowledge.
II) A literate person is eligible to get suitable employment.
III) Education develops the ability to implement modern technology.
IV) With the knowledge of professional, technology can develop and help in the development of the country.
V) Literate people understand the importance of remaining healthy and stay away from the deadly disease.
Q. 3. Why do people's development Goals vary? Explain with examples.
Ans. Different people have different goals. Each one of them seeks different things. They seek things that are most important for them i.e that which can fulfill their aspirations or desires.
For example, landless rural labourer may desire more days of work and better wages, whereas prosperous farmers may desire assured high family income and children to be settled abroad. In fact at times, two persons or groups may seek things which are conflicting.
For example, a girl excepts as much freedom and opportunities as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this. Similarly to get more electricity, industries may want more dams.
But this may submerged the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced. They may resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their fields.
Q. 4. What is the criterion used by the UNDP for classifying countries?
Ans. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has used the criterion of Human Development Index to measure the development of countries. HDI is calculated on the basis of:
i) Per capita income : When the total national income of the country is divided by its population, we get the per capita income.
ii) Life expectancy : It measures the average age of a person in a country. It helps us to know the health facilities of a country.
iii) Literacy rate : Education is also one of the most important criteria for the development of a country.
iv) Gross enrollment ratio : It measures the education gained at three levels --- at primary, secondary and higher education level.
Per capita income is also calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared easily. HDI has been calculated for about 177 countries. According to it, the rank of India is 131 and the rank of Sri Lanka is 73,which is much better than that of India. We are required to make progress in the education and health sectors as yet.
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