Lifeline of National Economy | Class 10 Geography Notes

         Lifeline Of National Economy

  Important key points > notes >  chapter in Short  

    

  Introduction  

When we heard the word lifeline, the image that  comes in our mind is the blood vessels in a body that runs to every corner of body carrying the blood supply and other essential micro nutrients. Similarly on that note when we say  Lifeline of National economy we are referring to the chain network of transport and communication that regulates the movement of good and services from their supply location to their demand location. 

     On earth the Movement of goods and services based on three domains i.e. Land, water and Air.  

For a long time trade and transport were restricted to limited space. But with the advancement of science and technology, today's world has been converted into a large village with the help of  efficient and fast moving transport. In this achievement the communication system plays a vital role. So, Trade, transport and communication are contemporary to each other. 

        Means of Transport 

             1.Land Transport

                  a) Roadways

                  b) Railways

                  c) Pipelines

            2.  Water Transport

                     a) Inland

                     b) Overseas

           3.  Air Transport

                  a) Domestic Airways

                           i)  Public Undertaking

                                 ii) Private Airlines

                     b)   International Airways

     Transport In India

 Due to different types of landforms in India, different modes of transport prevail here. 

       Roadways  

i) With 2.3 million km at present India has one of the largest road networks in world. 

ii)  In India Road transport is growing in importance as compare to railways because

        a) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines. 

          b)  Construction of road can be build in uneven surface like hills and mountains. 

         c) Road transport is economical in transportation of few people and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. 

       d) It provides door to door service. 

       e) It links other modes of transport like  between railway station, air and sea ports. 

Classification of Roads On the Basis of Capacity

In  India Six types of road classifications are there. 

1.  Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways :

i) It connect 4 important cities of India - Delhi - Kolkata-Chennai- Mumbai. 

ii) These are six lane highways managed by NHAI ( National Highway Authority of India). 

iii) The North- South corridors linking Srinagar and Kanyakumari  . 

iv) The East- West corridors connecting Silcher ( Assam) and Porbandar ( Gujarat). 

2. National Highways:

i)  Connect one state with another and are of national importance. 

ii) Constructed and maintained by CPWD ( Central Public works Department) under NHAI's supervision. 

iii) Some well known  National Highways are -      NH-1 Delhi to Amritsar Known as The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg. 

NH-2   Delhi to Kolkata

NH - 7 The longest National Highway From Varanasi to Kanyakumari.. 

3. State Highways:

These are roads connect a state Capital with its district headquarters. They are constructed and maintained by the State Public works Department ( SPWD). 

4. District Roads :

These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These are maintained by the Zilla Parishad. 

5. Village Roads:

Connect the village with the neighbouring towns and cities. 

5. Border Roads:

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) constructs and maintains roads in border areas. 

        Road can also be classified as Metalled and Unmetalled on the basis of material used. 

Road Density  

The length of road per 100 sq km area is known as density of roads. It varies from only 12.14 km in Jammu and Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerala ( as per 31st March 2011). With National average of 142.68 km ( 31 March 2011).

    Railways 

i)  Railways are the important mode of transportation for goods and passengers in India. 

ii) It carry bulky Weight and excellent for long distances. 

iii) Indian Railways bind the economic life in the country as well as it accelerate the development of the industry and  agriculture. 

iv)  Indian Railways have a network of 7,133 stations spread over a route length of 64,460 km. 

v)  Indian railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. The First train run from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km. 

vi) For administrative convenience, Indian railway is recognised into 16 zones. 

vii) There are 3 types of Gauges ( railway track) 

          • Broad Gauge ( 1,676 metres) 

          • Metre  Gauge  ( 1,000  metres) 

          •  Narrow Gauge  ( 0.762 and 0.610 ) 

     Challenges for Indian Railway

i) It is difficult to construct railway lines in sandy plains of Western India, hilly and mountainous regions of peninsula India and Himalayas. 

ii) The initial costs of laying the tracks are too expensive. 

       Problems faced by Indian Railways are :-

    i) Many passengers travel without tickets. 

    ii) Theft and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped. 

    iii) People stop train by pulling the chain unnecessarily that causes heavy damage to the railway. 

         Pipelines  

i)  Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India. 

ii) These are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum product and natural gas and solid like iron ore through a pipeline when converted into slurry. 

iii)  Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. 

iv) Inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and  gas based fertilizer plants could be thought of only because of pipelines. 

     There are Three important networks of pipelines transportation in the country. 

 1.  From Oil field in Upper Assam to Kanpur ( UP) , via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. 

2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. 

3. Gas Pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagadishpur ( UP) via Vijaipur ( MP). 

   Waterways  

 Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. 

    Inland Waterways :- 

India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out  these only 5685 km are navigable by machine boats. 

      National Waterways are -

NW-1            Allahabad to Haldia ( 1,620 km)  

                      On River Ganga,Bhagirathi , and                            Hoogly  river system. 

NW-2             The Brahmaputra River between                           Sadiya and  Dhubri ( 891 km) 

NW-3             West-cost Canal in  Kerla (205 km) 

                       ( Kottapuram-komman,                                               Udyogamandal and                                                     Champakkara canals ) 

NW-4             Part of Krishan and  Godavari                                  rivers                            

                       Along with Kakinada-Puducherry                             stretch of  canals (1, 078km) 

NW-5            Parts Brahmani river along with                            Matai river, delta channels of                                  Mahandi and Brahmani river and                          east coast canal(588km) 

             MAJOR SEA PORTS 

With 5,516.6 km coastline India has 12 major and  187 notified non-major ports. These  major ports  handle 95% of India's foreign trade. 

1.  Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port port soon after Independence. It is a tidal port. 

2.  MUMBAI  is the biggest port with natural and Well-sheltered harbour. 

3.Jawaharlal Lal Nehru port was developed nearby to ease off the  decongestion in Mumbai port. 

4.Marmagao  Panaji, Goa, Iron ore exporting port. 

5.  New Mangalore  Karnataka. Exporting iron-ore from Kudremukh  mines. 

6. Kochchi    Kerala South Western port with a natural harbour. 

7. Tuticorin Tamilnadu South Eastern port with a natural harbour catering cargoes to sri Lanka, maldives etc. 

8. Chennai   is one of the oldest artificial port of the country. 

9.  Visakhapatnam Andhrapradesh. Deepest landlocked and well protected port for exporting iron-ore. 

10. Paradwip Odisha export of iron-ore

11. Kolkata west Bengal Tidal port and inland riverine port, serve hinterland of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. 

12.  Haldia   West Bengal it reduce the pressure from kolkata port. 

AIRWAYS 

The Air travel is the faster, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. Air transport was nationalised in 1953.

         Types of  Airways

1) International Airports - Delhi, Mumbai, kolkata, chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Bengaluru, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Panaji, Guwahati and Cochin. 

2) Domestic Airport - There are 63 domestic airports in the country. 

          Airports are managed by Airport Authority of India. 

      COMMUNICATION

Communication is an act of exchanging information. Communication can be of two types

     1) Personal Communication ( India post, Mail channel,  Telecom) 

     2)  Mass Communication ( Television, Newspaper, magazines  Films) 

   

            ________________________________

 

   

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Components of Language | Meaning of Phonetics>Phonology>Morphology>Syntax>Semantics> Pragmatics

    Meaning Of PHONETICS

    Meaning of PHONOLOGY

    Meaning of MORPHOLOGY

    Meaning of  SEMANTICS

    Meaning of PRAGMATICS

Phonetics -   It is the Unit of sound. It may define as the study  of sounds of human speech. 

Phonology -  Phonology is the study of Sound Pattern. Or phonemes. 

Morphology - The study of words. 

Syntax - Structure of the Sentence or arrangement of words and phrase to create well - formed sentence in a language. 

Semantics - Meaning of the sentence or semantic is the study of meaning. 

Pragmatic - Dealing things sensibly. It is the way which based on practical rather than abstract things. 

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Class 8th Social Science Workbook solution| Important Assignment Questions part -2 | chapter 2 Land soil, water, natural Vegetation and wildlife Resources

              Class VIII   Chapter - 2

  Land, soil, water, natural Vegetation and wildlife Resources part - 2 Workbook solutions

Q. 1.  Name the type of soils found in India. 

Ans.  In India six types of soils are found they are :-   Alluvial soil, Black soil, Red and Yellow soils, Laterite soil, Desert soil and mountain soil. 

Q. 2. Which factors cause degradation of soils? 

Ans. Soils degradation occurs due to both human and natural factors. 

Q. 3 .  What soil conservation? 

Ans.  Protection of soil by  mulching, terrace farming, contour ploughing is called as soil conservation. 

Q. 4.  Mention at least five methods that can be adopted to conserve soil. 

Ans. Methods of soil conservation are:-

     1. Afforestation

     2.  Contour ploughing

     3. Terrace farming

     4. Crop rotation

     5. Construction of shelter belts. 

Q. 5. Explain the two methods adopted for conservation of slopes on Hillslopes. 

Ans. 1. Terrace farming

         2. Intercropping

Q. 6.  Which methods of soil conservation is adopted when crops are grown in alternate rows and at different times?? 

Ans. Intercropping is adopted 

Q. 7.  Why is the earth is called the 'water  Planet'? 

Ans.  Earth is called 'water Planet ' because Three-fourth's of earth's surface is covered with water. 

Q. 8. Give a reason why ocean water is not fit for human consumption. 

Ans.  The ocean water is saline so it's not fit for human consumption. 

Q. 9.Why can't water in Ice sheets and glaciers can't be used? 

Ans.  Water in ice sheets and glaciers can't be used because their locations are inaccessible. 

Q. 10. Name the source of fresh water on the  earth. 

Ans.  The sources of fresh water on the earth surface are:-

   a) water in form of rivers, streams and

   b) Ground water. 

Q. 11. What are the processes involved in the 'Water Cycle'? 

Ans. The process of ' water cycle'  involves evaluation, precipitation and run-off to the water bodies. 

Q. 12. How much of water wasted from a dripping tap in a year? 

Ans.  1200 litres of water wasted yearly from a dripping tap. 

Q. 13.  What are the numerous ways in which human use water? 

Ans. The numerous ways are:

    a.  Drinking

    b. Agriculture

    c. Industries

    d. Generating electricity

    e. Other usages to meet day to day needs

Q. 14. List the major factors that lead to shortage of fresh water. 

Ans.  a.  Increasing population

         b. Rising demand for food and cash crops

         c.  Increasing urbanisation and

          d. Rising the standard of living are some of the factors leads to shortage of fresh water. 

15.  Name at least six regions in the world that suffer from scarcity of water. 

Ans.  Africa

          West Asia

          South Asia

          Part of Western USA

         North-west Mexico

        Part of South America and entire Australia  facing shortage in fresh water supply. 

Q. 16.  List the major factors that are responsible the pollution of water. 

Ans.  Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage,  agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents in water bodies are some of the factors responsible for water pollution. 

Q. 17. The River Yamuna is getting polluted due to three main sources. Name them. 

Ans.  River Yamuna is getting polluted due to sewage, industrial effluents and garbage. 

Q. 18.  How can water pollution be controlled? 

Ans. Water pollution can be controlled by threating waste effluents suitably before releasing them in water bodies. 

    

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Class 8th Social Science Workbook| Chapter 2 Land, Soil, water, Natural vegetation and wildlife Resources | Important Assignment Questions

    Class VIII Social Science Geography Important Assignment Questions

        CH2 - Land, soil, Water, Natural vegetation and wildlife Resources

Very short Answer Type Questions

Q. 1. Mention the main reason why places differ from each other. 

Ans.  Places are different from each other because of differences in the quality of land, soil, water, natural vegetation etc. 

Q. 2. Why is the distribution of population uneven in different parts of the world? 

Ans. The distribution of population is uneven in different parts of the world mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate. 

Q. 3. Give reason why plains and river Valley are the most densely populated areas of the world. 

Ans. Plains and river Valley offers suitable land for agriculture hence, these areas are densely populated. 

Q. 4.  Which natural areas are sparsely populated? 

Ans. The rugged topography, steep slopes of the mountains, Low-lying areas susceptible to water logging, desert areas are sparsely populated. 

Q. 5. Define land use. 

Ans. The use of land for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries,Is called as Land use. 

Q. 6. What are the physical and Human factors that determine the use of land? 

Ans.   The physical factors of that determine the use of land are topography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of water. And the the Human factors are population and technology. 

Q. 7. In which two countries in the world is the percentage of cropland area the maximum. 

Ans. In India ( 57%) and France(35%)  the percentage of cropland areas are maximum. 

Q. 8.  On what basis can land be divided into? 

Ans.  Land can be divided on the basis of ownership - private land and community land. 

Q. 9.What Is the main reason for change in  land use pattern over time? 

Ans. The growing population and development of technology is the main reason for change in land use pattern over time. 

Q. 10. Mention the two main reasons for the  destruction of forest cover and arable land. 

Ans.  Growing population and   their ever growing demand are two main reasons for destruction of forest cover and arable land. 

Q. 11.  Name some methods which can be adopted to check the rate of land degradation. 

Ans.   Afforestation, land reclamation, minimise use of  chemical pesticides and fertiliser, check on Overgrazing are some methods can adopted to check the rate of land degradation. 

Q. 12.  What are landslides? 

Ans.  Landslides are the mass movement of rocks or earth down a slope. 

Q. 13. Give some causes of landslides. 

Ans. Causes of landslides may include earthquake, floods and volcanoes. 

Q. 14.   How was the two hundred meter stretch of old Hindustan-Tibet road, National Highway-22 damaged? 

Ans.  A massive landslide hit Pangi village near Reckong Peo in Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh and damaged a 200- meter stretch of old Hindustan-Tibet road, National Highway-22. 

Q. 15.  Mention some broad mitigation techniques of landslides. 

Ans.  i) Hazard mapping to locate area prone to landslides. Hence, such areas can be avoided for building settlements. 

ii) Increase in the vegetation cover to arrest landslides. 

Q. 16.  What is soil? 

Ans.  Soil is defined as the loose material consisting of organic and inorganic substance covering the topmost layers of the earth. 

Q. 17. What is the composition of soils? 

Ans.  Soil is composed of organic matter, minerals, and weathered rocks found on the earth. 

Q. 18. How is soil formed? 

Ans. Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks which takes place over millions of years. 

Q. 19. Define weathering. 

Ans. The breaking up and decay of exposed rocks, by temperature changes, frost action, plants animals and human activity is called as Weathering. 

Q. 20. What are the factors that determine soil formation? 

Ans.  The major factors of soil formation are the nature of the parent rock and climatic factors and the other factors are topography and organic materials. 

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Class 10 Manufacturing Industry Important Questions 21-22l Manufacturing Industry Class 10 NCERT solutions

 Manufacturing Industry - Class 10 NCERT Exercise and Important Questions Answers. 

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following minerals are formed by the decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material?

(a) Coal

(b) Bauxite

(c ) Gold

(d) Zinc

Answer: 

(b) Bauxite

(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand, is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals?

(a) Bauxite

(b) Mica

(c) Iron Ore

(d) Copper

Answer:

 (b) Mica

(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata of which of the following rocks?

(a) Sedimentary Rocks

(b) Metamorphic Rocks

(c ) Igneous Rocks

(d) None of the above

Answer:

 (a) Sedimentary Rocks

(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?

(a) Oil

(b) Uranium

(c) Thorium

(d) Coal

Answer: 

(c) Thorium

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Distinguish between the following. 

a. Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. 

Answer: 

Ferrous minerals	Non-ferrous minerals
i.Metallic minerals which contain iron are called ferrous minerals. ii. For example - iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc.	i.Metallic minerals which do not contain iron are called non-ferrous minerals. ii. For example - copper,lead, zinc, bauxite, tin, gold etc.

b. Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. 

Conventional sources of energy	Non-conventional sources of energy
i. These are the traditional sources of energy produced from coal, petroleum and natural gas.  ii. They are non- renewable.  iii. Their generation is expensive.  iv. They pollute the atmosphere on a large scale.  v. For example - firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.	i. These are the sources of energy developed recently from the sun, wind, tides, etc.  ii. They are renewable.  iii.  Their generation is very cheap.  iv. They are pollution-free sources.  v. For example - solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, nuclear energy, etc.

(ii) What is a mineral?

Answer: 

A mineral  is a naturally  occurring  homogenous substance with a definite chemical composition and a well defined internal  structure.

 Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.

(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?

Answer:

  In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller deposits are called veins and the larger ones are called lodes.

When the minerals in liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface, they cool down and solidify to form veins(the smaller  occurrence are called veins) or lodes(the larger  occurrence are called loads) . Metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead are obtained from veins and lodes.

(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?

Answer: 

We need to conserve mineral resources because:-

a. It takes millions of years for the formation of minerals. Compared to the present rate of consumption , the replenishment rate of  minerals is very slow. 

b. Minerals resources are finite and non-renewable. Due to this, it is important that we  conserve the mineral resources. 

c. They are unevenly distributed. To maintain equal distribution of the resources, they need to be conserved. 

d. Minerals are used extensively in  industries and economic development. Without them development will come  to a halt. 

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India

Answer:

In India, major coal deposits are found on the eastern side of the country. Some of the main sites of coal are described below:

a. In India, coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages Gondwana (200 million years old) and tertiary (55 million years old).

b. The major resources of Gondwana or metallurgical coal are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro.

c. The Godavari, Mahandi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.

d. Tertiary coals occur in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

Answer:

Solar energy has a bright future in India because:

a. India being a tropical country receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year. 

b. Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas. 

c. It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. 

Class 10 Geography Important Questions with Answers. 

        

  Very Short Answer type Questions

Q. 1.Where was the First Jute mill set up? 

Ans.  The first Jute mill was set up in 1859 at Rishra near Kolkata. 

Q. 2. What are the uses of aluminium? 

Ans. Aluminum is used to manufacture Utensils, air craft and wires. 

Q. 3. Which mineral is used to Harden steel during manufacturing? 

Ans. Manganese is used to Harden steel during manufacturing. 

Q. 4. What do you know about SAIL? 

Ans. All  Public sector undertakings market their steel through Steel Authority of India Ltd. called SAIL. 

Q. 5. Which Organic chemicals are produced India? 

Ans.  Petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye stuff, drugs and pharmaceuticals. 

Q. 6. Which city has  emerged as the 'electronics capital' of India? 

Ans. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. 

Q. 7. Name two iron and steel plants of Jharkhand. 

Ans . Bokaro and Jamshedpur are two iron and steel plants of Jharkhand. 

Q. 8. When and where first cotton Mill was set-up? 

Ans.  First cotton textile mill was set-up at Mumbai in 1854.

Q. 9. How is Iron - ore transported from Kudremukh mines to a port near Mangalore? 

Ans. Iron- ore is transported as slurry through pipelines. 

Q. 10.  Name the most important agro-based industries of India. 

Ans. Sugar, cotton, jute are the most important agro-based industries of India. 

Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 1. " Agriculture and industry are complimentary to each other." Support the statement with three examples. 

Ans. Agriculture and industry both depend on each other

i) Agriculture supplies raw material for the manufacturing industries. Shortage of these raw materials can spell doom for the industry. 

ii) Agriculture gets its basic inputs from the Manufacturing industries. 

iii) In this way agriculture offers a big market for industrial products, fertilizers, water pumps, tractors, farm equipment etc. 

       In short, agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other they move hand in hand. 

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Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries Notes

 CBSE Social Science > Geography Chapter 06 notes > key points

       ||CH. 06 Manufacturing         Industries||

Manufacturing :

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. 

Importance of Manufacturing:

Manufacturing is the backbone of economic development due to the following reasons ;

i) Manufacturing industries help in Modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. 

ii) Manufacturing industries reduces the dependence of people on agriculture, providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. 

iii) Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and poverty. It also aims at bringing  down regional differences by establishing industries in  backward areas. 

iv) Export of manufactured products expand the trade and commerce. 

Agriculture and Industries go hand in hand

Agriculture and Industries move hand in hand. They are dependent on each other. For instance, the agro-based industries depends on the primary sector for raw materials. For example : sugar, cotton textile, papers etc. 

       On the other hand, many industrial products like fertilisers, irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, tractors, tools  help in increasing agricultural productivity. 

Contribution of Industry to National Economy

During  last two decades,  the share of the manufacturing sector has stayed at 17 percent of GDP. Which is much lower than some East Asian economies, where it is 25 -35 %.The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12% which has been around only 7 percent in the last decade. 

  To develop the sector of manufacturing industries government has set-up the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council ( NMCC). 

   Industrial  Location  

Industrial locations are influenced by

Availability of raw materials, labour, capital, power and market facilities. 

        Classification Of Industries 

Industries  may be classified as follows :

1.  On the basis of source of raw materials

• Agro based -  cotton, woollen, jute, silk, textile, rubber and sugar, tea and coffee etc. 

• Mineral based -  iron and steel, cement, aluminum, machine tools, petrochemicals. 

2. According to Role  

• Basic key industries - Industries which supply their  products as raw materials to other industries. Like iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminum smelting. 

• Consumer industries -  Industries which produce goods for direct consumer use like sugar, paper, tooth paste, sewing machines, etc. 

3. On the basis of capital Investment

• Small scale industry -  Industries with Investment upto 1 crore

• Large scale industry - Industries  with Investment above 1 crore. 

4. On the basis of ownership

• Public sector - Owned and operated by government agencies e. g. BHEL, SAIL etc. 

• Private sector - Owned and operated by Private individuals or a group of Individuals e. g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd, Dabur Industries, Reliance etc. 

• Joint sector - These sector are jointly run by the  state and Individuals or a group of individuals   e. g.  Oil India Ltd. 

• Cooperative sector -  Owned and operated by the producers or supplier of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, and the coir industry in Kerela. 

5. On the basis of the Bulk and weight of Raw Materials and Finished Goods

• Heavy industries - Industries in which large machines and heavy or bulky raw materials are used to produce products which are heavy or bulky, including capital goods like automobiles and construction machinery. 

• Light industries - Light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods such  as Electrical industries, toy industries. 

     Types Of Industries on the Basis of material used  

  Agro Based Industries

Industries which are based on agricultural raw materials comes under this category. Such as Cotton, jute, silk, sugar, woollen textiles, edible oil etc. 

Textile Industry :

i) Textile industries is the most significant industries in India as  it contributes 14% to industrial production. 

ii) It contributes 4% to towards GDP. 

iii) It is the only industry in the country, which is self reliant and  complete in the value chain i. e. From raw material to the highest value added products. 

 

       Cotton  Textile  

i)  The first cotton textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.

ii) As per September 30 2013,there are  1900 mills in India. 

iii) About 80 % of cotton textile mills are in Private sector. 

iv)  These Industries are mainly located in Gujarat,Maharashtra and  Tamilnadu. 

      Challenges

This industry face challenges in the form of outdated machinery, irregular power supply, competition from synthetic fibres etc. Due to this there is more important of cotton yarn ( 25%) in the world Trade than manufactured garments important (4% of the world Trade) from India. 

   

    Jute Textile  

i) India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. It stands second in jute export after Bangladesh. 

ii) The first jute mill was set up near kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.

iii) Most of the jute mills located in West Bengal. 

    The National jute policy (2005)  focus on improving quality and productivity of Indian Jute. 

   Challenges

Challenges faced by the industry include less demand and stiff competition in the international market from synthetic fibres and from other jute growing countries like Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Brazil and Egypt. 

  Sugar Industry 

i) India stands second as a world Producer of sugar but occupies the First place in the production of gur and khandsari. 

ii) Sugar mills are located in Uttarpradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu etc. 

iii) In recent years there is a tendency for mills to concentrate in the Southern and Western States, especially in Maharashtra. This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content and relatively cooler climate also ensure a longer crushing season. 

   Challenges

The major challenges include the seasonal nature of the industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximise the use of baggase. 

   Mineral Based Industries

Industries that use minerals as raw materials are called mineral based industries. 

Iron and steel industry 

i)  It is the basic industry as heavy, medium and light industries depends on it for raw materials. 

ii) It is also consider as heavy industry because both the raw materials and finished goods are bulky and heavy. 

iii) steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction materials, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. 

iv) Chhotanagpur plateau region has maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. 

v) Most of these plants are managed by the steel Authority of India Ltd. ( SAIL) 

  Challenges faced by Iron and steel Industry

• limited availability and high cost of cooking coal. 

• Poor infrastructure. 

• Lower productivity of labour. 

• Irregular supply of energy and power. 

  Aluminium Smelting

i) Aluminium Smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. 

ii) It is used to making aircraft, utensils and wires. 

iii) Aluminium smelting plants in India located in Odisha, west Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. 

iv) Bauxite is the raw material used is smelting. 

   Chemical Industries

i) It is the fastest growing industry in India. 

ii) It contributes approximately 3 percent of GDP. 

iii) Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid,   , nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda. 

iv) Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. 

Automobile Industry

i) Automobile sector provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers. 

ii) This Industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years. 

iii) At present there are 15 manufacturers of passengers cars and multi utility vehicles, 9of commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and three- Wheelers. 

iv)The  industries are located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Banglore. 

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

It  covers products from transistor sets to television, telephone, cellphones, telephone exchange, radars, computers and other equipment required by the telecommunication and computer industry. 

Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 

Software Technology

At present there are 46 software technology parks in India in which 30% are women employees. The fast growing BPO sector is a major foreign exchange earner for the country. 

   Important IT centres in India are Banglore, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. 

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Class 9 Chapter 2 | Physical Features of India | Notes

    Chapter 2 Notes> class 9 Geography

     PHYSICAL FEATURES OF 

                     INDIA

              || Key points ||  Short notes  ||

Introducing

India has all major physical features of the earth i. e. Mountains, plains ,Plateaus , deserts and Islands. India has a great landmass which is formed  during different geological periods. Besides geological formations, a number of Processes such as weathering, erosion and deposition also created and modified the relief to its present form. 

    Earth scientists given different theories to explain the formation of physical features. "Theory of  plate Tectonic" Is one of such theories. 

Theory of Plate Tectonics :-  According to this theory, the crust of the earth has been formed out of seven major and some minor plates. 

    The movement of the plates results in the building up of stresses within the plates and  the continental rocks above leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity. 

These plates movement broadly classified into three types ;

                 Convergent Boundary

                 Divergent Boundary

                 Transform Boundary

• When some plates come towards each Other they form a convergent Boundary. 

•  When some plates move away from each other  they form divergent Boundary. 

• When two plates coming together they may either collide and crumble or one may slide under the other then they form Transform Boundary. 

    Gondwana land :   It is the southern part of the ancient super continent Pangea with Angara land in the northern part. 

   

          Major  Physiographic Divisions

The major Physiographic divisions of India are as follow:-

1) The Himalayan Mountains

2) The Northern Plains

3) The Peninsular Plateau 

4) The Indian Desert

5) The Coastal Plains

6) The Islands

  The Himalayan mountains

i)  The Himalayas are geological young and  structurally fold mountains stretch over the northern border of India. 

ii) The Himalayas represent the loftiest and most rugged mountain barriers of the world. 

iii) They covers a distance of about 2400 km from west-east direction. 

iv) Their width varies from 400km in Kashmir to 150 Km in Arunachal Pradesh. 

v) Attitudinal variations are greater in the Eastern half than those in western half. 

     The  Himalayas consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent. 

They are :-  a. The Greater Himalayas 

                      b. The Lesser Himalayas

                      c.  The Shiwaliks. 

The Great Himalayas

i)  The inner most ranges of Himalayas are called the Great Himalayas Or 'Himadri'. 

ii)  It is consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. 

iii) The core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite. 

iv) It is perennially snow bounded. 

The  Lesser  Himalayas   

i)  This  ranges lies to the south of the Himadri. 

ii)  The ranges are mainly composed of highly  compressed and altered rocks. 

iii)  The altitude varies  between 3,700 and 4,500 meters and the average height width is of 50 Km. 

iv)  Pir Panjal ranges forms the longest and the most important range. The Dhaula Dhar and the Mahabharat ranges are the other prominent ranges . 

v)  The famous valley of this range are The Kashmir valley, the kangra and kullu valley in Himachal Pradesh. This regions well known for its hill stations. 

   The    Shivaliks    

i)  The outer most range of Himalayas is called Shivaliks. 

ii) They extend over a width of 10-15 Km and have an altitude varying between 900 to 1100 metres. 

iii) These  valleys are covered with thick gravel and alluvium. 

iv)  The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shiwaliks are known as Duns.  Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patil Duns are some of the well-known Duns. 

 •   On the basis of West to east division of the regions has been divided and demarcated by the river Valleys. 

 - For example ; The part of Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj has been traditionally known as Punjab Himalayas  but is also known regionally as Punjab Himalaya and Himachal Himalaya from West to east respectively. 

-  The part of Himalayas lying between Satluj and Kali rivers is known as Kumaon Himalayas. 

-  The Kali and Tista rivers valley is known as Nepal Himalayas. 

-  The  part lying between Tista and Dihang rivers is known as Assam Himalayas. 

•  Beyond Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the South and spread along the Easter Boundary of India. Known as Purvanchal Or the Eastern hills. 

• The Purvanchal compromises the Patkai hills, the Naga hills, Manipur hills and the Mizo hills.

   The Northern Plains 

 i) The northern plains has been formed by the  combination of three major rivers systems -  The Indus , the Ganga and the Berhampur along with their tributaries. 

ii)  The northern plains spread over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. 2400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad. 

iii) This is the most fertile area in India with  adequate water supply and favorable climate. 

iv) The rivers in the lower course split in numerous channels due to the deposition of slit. These channels are known as Tributaries. 

        Northern plains have four regions with different relief features. 

a.  Bhabar  :  It lies at the foot of Shivalik , a narrow 8-16 km wide belt of pebbles. 

b. Terai :  The marshy area with wildlife and forest. Dudhwa National park in this region. 

c. Bangar :  Older alluvium plain which rises above the level of the flood plains. 

d. Khadar :  The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains are called Khadar. 

  The  Peninsular  Plateau    

I) Peninsular plateau is a table land created by breaking and drifting of Gondwana land. 

II)  The plateau has been divided mainly into two divisions. 

      a. The central Highlands

      b. Deccan plateau

a. Central Highlands

i) The part of Peninsular Plateau lying to the North of the  Narmada river covering a major area of the malwa plateau is known as the central Highlands. 

ii) The central Highlands are wider in the West but narrow in the east. 

iii) The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. 

iv)  The chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the river Damodar. 

b.   Deccan plateau

i) The Deccan plateau is a triangular land mass that lies to the South of the river Narmada. 

ii) The Eastern and western edges are marked by The Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. 

iii) Western Ghat is lie parallel to the Western coast. The Western Ghats are higher than the Eastern Ghats

iv) The Eastern Ghats stretch from the Mahanadi valley to the Nilgiris in the South. 

v) The highest peaks include the Anai Mudi, and the Doda Betta, Mahendra giri  is the highest peaks in the Eastern Ghats

       A distinct features of this plateau, in its black soil, which is found in the area known as Deccan trap. 

             The     Indian  Desert   

i)   The Indian Desert lies towards the Western margin of the Aravali Hills. 

ii) It is a sandy plain covered with sand dues. 

iii) This region mainly receives low rainfall, i. e. below  150 mm per year. 

iv) Major area is covered by Barchans ( crescent shaped dunes). 

v) Luni is the only river in the region. 

    The  Coastal  Plains  

i) The Peninsula plateau is flanked by the narrow coastal strips which runs along the Bay of Bengal in the east and Arabian sea in the West. 

ii) The Western coast is decided into :-  konkan ( mumbai - goa)  Northern stretch , Kannad plains central stretch,  malabar coast southern stretch. 

iii) The eastern strips is divided into :- Northern circar, while the Southern part is known as  Coromandal Coast. 

iv) Lake Chilika is an important feature along the eastern coast. 

      The Islands  

Lakshadweep Islands

i) Group of Islands close to the Malabar coast of Kerala. 

ii) They are composed of small coral islands. 

iii) It covers a small area of 32 sq. Km

Andaman & Nicobar  Islands

i)  They are the group of Islands located in the Bay of Bengal, extending from North to South. 

ii) They are Bigger in size and are more numerous and scattered. They are divided into two groups - Andaman in the North and Nicobar in the South. 

        _________________________________

    

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Independence Day Speech in English/ August 15 Speech in English 2023

    INDEPENDENCE DAY SPEECH 2023 

  Respected dignitaries, chief guest and honorable Principal ,Teachers and my dear friends, First of all i wish you all Happy Independence day. 

   I feel glad to get the opportunity to present my speech on this auspicious occasion. Today we all gathered  here to celebrate 76th Independence day. 

     In this Independence day we all should feel proud to being a part of this  independent nation that gives us the freedom of live our lives in our own way. 

It is with a sense of pride that I can say our great leaders fought hard to achieve independence for India. 

Two hundred years of British rule their oppression and injustice finally came to an end on the  mid night of 15 August 1947. For that reason every year on 15 th of August we celebrate Independence Day to pay tribute to our great freedom fighters to sacrifices their lives. 

 In these 76 years after Independence we have seen multidimensional progress in our country. Taking from Agriculture to Industry, Health care, education and in every  sphere we attained optimum success.  We are now competing with other nations in all technical inventions. 

But the path of success was not so easy. In these years we have also Shown many obstacles in the form of Famine, drought, flood, and diseases. 

    Even recently couple of years back we all fought against a worldwide Pandemic, and India is one of the worst hit countries in corona virus pandemic. 

But we should not loss hope, what we learnt from our great fighters all the evils has an end. If 200 years of Colonial rule could end, then how long can this pandemic survive?? 

      Being the citizens of India,  it is our responsibility to  build our nation in such a way  that we can proudly say we the people of India. Some basic things we need to understand British could able to rules us by ' Divide and Rule police. Always we have to remember United we stand and divided we fall.   

  Our Nation's development is depends on our  mutual Cooperation with different class of people in our society. We should  develop a feeling of  helping those who need it. We have to distribute all our resources in such a manner it will reduce the gap between the have's and  have nots, the rich and poor. 

We must avoid all religious conflict which can destroy our Nation by diving our people in different religious and language groups. All of us should  treat equally as Indian irrespective of caste, Creed and religion. 

  It tooks a long years of struggle to get Independence from British. Many  leaders died to achieve freedom that we are enjoying now. So we just can't let go their sacrifices waste. We have to make our Country  Self reliant , Developed and proud one in the world.... 

    With this  I am concluding my speech. Thank you.. 

                             🇮🇳 Jay Hind🇮🇳

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Class 9 Civics What is Democracy? Why Democracy> Important Assignment Questions

 What Is Democracy? 

        Why Democracy

Civics chapter 2 Important Assignment Questions 

Very short Answer type Questions

Q. 1.  What is democracy? 

Ans.  Democracy is a form of government where people choose their representative and make laws for themselves. 

Q. 2.  Give any one merit of democracy? 

Ans. A democratic government is a better government because it is more accountable form of government and it enhance the dignity of citizens. 

Q. 3. How people elect their representative in China? 

Ans.  In China, elections are regularly held after every five years for electing the county's parliament called National People's Congress. 

Q. 4.  What does Referendum means? 

Ans. Referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may be adoption of a new Constitution, a law or a specific governmental policy. 

Q. 5.   In which county women do not have right to vote? 

Ans. In Saudi Arabia women do not have the right to vote. 

Q. 6. When did Parvez Musarraf came to power in Pakistan? 

Ans. Parvez Musarraf a military coup of Pakistan came to power in October 1999.

Q. 7.  What is the basic sence behind a method of taking decision in democracy? 

Ans.  A democratic decision involves consultation with and consent of all those who are affected by that decision. 

Q. 8.  Which members are allowed to contest for the elections in China? 

Ans. Only those who are members of the Chinese Communist Party Or eight smaller parties allied to it were allowed to contest elections held in 2002 - 03. The government is always formed by the communist Party. 

Q. 9. Why modern Democracies are representatives democracies? 

Ans. Modern democracies involves such a large number of people that it is physically impossible for them to sit together and take a collective decision. 

Q. 10. What was PRI? 

Ans.  It was a political party of Mexico called as Institutional Revolutionary Party. 

    Short Answer type Questions

Q. 1.  Write any three points in favor of democracy. 

Ans.  i) A democratic government is a better government because it is more accountable form of government. 

ii)  Democracy enhance the dignity of citizens. 

iii)  Democracy improves the quality of decision making. 

iv) Democracy is better than other forms of government because it allows common people to choice their representatives. 

Q. 2. Compare the democratic system in China with Mexico. 

Ans.   China :

  i) In China, the elections do not offers people any choice. 

ii) They have to choose the ruling party and the candidate approved by it. 

     Mexico  :

i)  In Mexico, the people seemed to have a choice but particularly they did not have any choice. 

ii) There was no way that the ruling party could be defeated, even if the people were against it. 

Q. 3.  Why is democracy considered the best form  of government? 

Ans.  Democracy cannot give us everything but is better than any other alternative because;

i) It offers better Chances of a good decision, it is likely to respect people's wishes and Allows different kinds of people to live together. 

ii)  Even when it fails to do some of these things. It allows a way of correcting it's mistakes and offers more dignity to all citizens. 

Q. 4. What could be the possible disadvantages of Democracy? 

Ans.  i) Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability. 

ii)  Democracy leads to corruption because it is based on electoral competition. 

iii) Elected leaders do not know the best intrest of the people. It leads to bad decision-making. 

iv)  The electoral  process is huge money consuming. 

Q. 5. 'In democracy, no one is a permanent winner or loser'. Why do we say that? Give three points? 

Ans.  i) In any country we find people of different ethnic groups, different communities living together. In that kind of social diversity government take  different ways of power sharing. 

ii)  There can be difference of opinion or history proves division of the countries are all due to these variations in the society. 

iii) But these different groups can be able to live amiably if a government is able to accommodate all. Then government cannot be permanent winner or looser. 

    Long Answer type questions

Q. 1.  How did Musharraf establish his rule in Pakistan? 

Ans.  i) Musharraf came to power after attempting a  military coup. 

ii)  He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the Chief Executive of the country. 

iii) Later he  changed his designation to President and in 2002 held a referendum in the country that granted him a five year extension. 

iv) Pakistan media, human right organisation and democracy activists said that the referendum was based on malpractices and fraud. 

v) In 2002 , he issued a 'Legal Framework Order'  that amended the Constitution of Pakistan. According to this order, the president can dismiss the national or provincial assemblies. The work of the civilian cabinet is supervised by a National Security Council which is dominated by military officers. 

Q. 2.  In which countries, even today there is denial of equal right to vote? 

Ans.  The principle of Universal adult Franchise has been accepted almost all over the world, yet there are many instances of denial of equal right to vote. 

i) In Saudi Arabia, women do not get the right to vote, they remain in Pardah and being told not to interfere in the political matters. 

ii)  Estonia has made it's citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote. 

iii) In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fijian has more value than that of an Indian Fijian. 

Q. 3. Write the main features of democracy. 

Ans. The main features of democracy are :

i) In a democracy, the final decision- making power must rest with those elected by the people. 

ii) A democracy must be based on fair elections where those currently in power have a fair Chance of losing. 

iii) In a democracy each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. 

iv) A democratic government rules within limits set by the Constitutional Law and citizens' rights. 

v) Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. It enhances the dignity of the citizens. 

Q. 4.Once elected by the people, what kind of duties are needed to be performed by the office bearers? 

Ans. i) A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes, simply because it has won an election. 

ii)  It has to respect some basic rules. 

iii) In particular, it has to extend some guarantees to the minorities. 

iv) Every major decision has to go through a series of consultation. 

v) Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the Constitution and the law. 

vi) Each of these is accountable not only to the people but also to other independent officials. 

Q. 5.  Under what conditions is a government run after the elections? 

Ans.  i) A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes simply because it has won the elections. 

ii) It has to respect some basic rules. In particular it has to provide some guarantees to the minorities. 

iii) Every major decision has to go through a series of consultations. 

iv) Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the Constitution and the law. 

       Each of these is accountable not only to the people but also to other independent officials. 

           ________________________________

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India - Size and Location Class 9 Important Assignment Questions

     India -  Size and Location

            Important Assignment Questions

    Short Answer Type questions

Q. 1.  In which Hemisphere India is located? 

Ans.  India is Located in the Northern Hemisphere. 

Q. 2.  Name the states through which the Tropic of cancer passes. 

Ans.  Gujarat, Madhyapradesh, chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, west Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. 

Q. 3.  What is the standard meridian of India? 

Ans.  The standard meridian of India is 82° 30'E.

Q. 4.  Which Tropic divides India into almost two equal parts? 

Ans . The Tropic of Cancer ( 23° 30' N) divides India into almost two equal parts. 

Q. 5.  Name the Union territories of India? 

Ans. 1. Delhi

         2. Daman and Diu

         3.  Dadar and Nagar Haveli

         4.  Puducheri

         5.  Chandigarh

         6.  Lakshadweep

         7.  Anadamaan & Nicobar

         8. Jammu & Kashmir

        9.  Ladakh

Q. 6.  Name the states of India sharing border with Pakistan. 

Ans.  Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir (UT). 

Q. 7. Which two Island countries are India's neighbours? 

Ans.  Sri Lanka and Maldives two island countries are India's neighbours. 

Q. 8.  What is total length and width of India? 

Ans.  Total length of India is 3,214 kms and width is 2,933 kms. 

Q. 9.  Which ideas from India could reach the world? 

Ans.  The ideas of the Upanishads and Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals and the decimal system could reach many part of the world. 

Q. 10.   Do you justify Indian Ocean's name after India? 

Ans.  Yes,  as no other country has a longer coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed, it is India's  eminent position in the Indian Ocean which Justifies the naming of an Ocean after it. 

   Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 1.  The Sun rises two hours earlier  in  Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the West but the watches show the same time. How does this happen? 

Ans.  i)  There is a longitudinal gap between Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat which is about 30°. Because of which  there is a time lag of about 2 hours between the states. 

ii)  As Arunachal Pradesh is in the East therefore the sun rises early  their compare to Gujarat. 

iii)  The Indian Standard Time is taken from the time of standard Meridian of India and hence, the watches show the same time in both the states. 

Q. 2.  What are  India's unique locational features? 

Ans.  

i)  India  lies completely on the North of the  equator. So it is situated in the Northern Hemisphere. 

ii)  The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India. While its southern part ( i.e. the peninsular India) falls in the tropical zone, the northern half lies in the  subtropical zone or warm temperate zone. 

iii)  India is also situated to the east   of the   prime Meridian. It lies not only  in the  Eastern Hemisphere but also has central position in it. 

iv) India occupies the South - central peninsula of the world's largest and  the most popular continent, Asia. 

v)   It also lies at the head of the Indian Ocean. It has the longest coastline on this  ocean. 

Q. 3.  What is the total  area of  India? Mention the Latitudinal and longitudinal extent?

Ans.    India occupies a total area of 3.28 million sq. Km

     i) The  latitudinal extent : 8° 4' N to 37° 6' N. 

    ii)  The longitudinal extent is 68° 7' E to 97° 25' E. 

Q. 4.  Why is the difference between the duration of day and night hardly felt at Kanyakumari but not so in kashmir? 

Ans.  i) The circle of illumination divides the Equator into two equal  parts. The  days and nights are therefore of the same duration at the equator . 

ii)  As the Kanyakumari   is  quite near the  equator, the Day-night  difference is hardly  one hour there. 

iii)  But as we move away from the equator  towards the poles, the  variations in the duration of day and night  becomes greater. 

       It is because  of the unequal  division of the parallels of latitude by the circle of illumination. 

iv)  Kashmir is over 30° away from the equator and so the difference in duration of day and night is over four hours there. 

Q. 5.  What is meant by Indian standard time?  Why do we need a standard  meridian in India? 

Ans.   Indian standard time is the uniform time calculated by the standard Meridian of India. It is called as IST. 

 i)  India is a large county  , almost  30 degrees are passing  from  westernmost state to easternmost state Arunachal Pradesh. 

ii)  Due to  that  , here is a  difference of two zones. 

iii)  To avoid confusion or  chaos for having different timing in different States of India, one standard meridian is taken  to have a uniform time for  the entire country. 

iv) Therefore, at 82°30' has been taken as standard meridian of India which is almost passing from  centre of India. 

   Long Answer Type Questions

Q. 1.  Throw more light  On India occupying an important and strategic position in South Asia. 

Ans. 

i)  India has  28 states and 9 Union territories ( as per 2020 report) 

ii)  India shares its land boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan in the North-west  , China ( Tibet) ,  Nepal and Bhutan in the  North and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the  east. 

iii) Our southern neighbours across the sea consist of the two  island countries namely  SRi Lanka and  Maldives. 

iv)  Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow  channel of sea formed by the  Palk Strait and the  Gulf of Manner while Maldives Islands are situated to the South of the  Lakshadweep Islands. 

   India has had strong geographical and historical links with her neighbours. 

Q. 2.  Why 82° 30' has been taken as the standard  meridian of India? 

Ans.   82°30' E  meridian has been selected as standard meridian of India for the following reasons;

i)  This is general understanding among the countries of the world to select a Standard Meridian in multiple of 7°30' east and west  of prime meridian. It is equal to half  an hour. 

ii)  A country's standard time is derived from such a central meridian. The minimum difference of time between two consecutive standard meridian should be half an hour. 

iii)  From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh, there is  a time lag of two hours. Hence, time along  the standard meridian of India ( 82°30'E)  passing through Mirzapur ( UP) is taken as the standard time for the whole country. 

Q. 3.  Classify the states into five groups each having common frontiers with Pakistan, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Nepal. 

Ans.  i)  Pakistan :  Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat. 

ii)  China :  Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. 

iii)  Myanmar :  Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,  Manipur, Mizoram. 

iv)  Bangladesh :  Bihar, west Bengal, Jharkhand, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura. 

v)  Nepal :  Uttarakhand, U. P, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim. 

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Development Class 10 Economic Important Questions (2021-22) / Development class 10 Economic ncert solutions

      CLASS 10 ECONOMIC CHAPTER 1

                   Development

NCERT      SOLUTIONS             

  

1. Development of a country can generally be determined by

(i) its per capita income

(ii) its average literacy level

(iii) health status of its people

(iv) all the above

Answer: (iv) all the above

2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?

(i) Bangladesh

(ii) Sri Lanka

(iii) Nepal

(iv) Pakistan

Answer: (ii) Sri Lanka

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?

(i) Rs 7500

(ii) Rs 3000

(iii) Rs 2000

(iv) Rs 6000

Answer: (iv) Rs 6000

Explanation:

     Total income of four families =  5,000 × 4                                                                                      = ₹20,000

             Total income of three families

            = 4,000+7, 000+3, 000 = 14,000

           Income of the fourth Family is

                20,000 -  14,000 = 6000

4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Answer: 

i) The main criterion used by the World Bank  in classifying different countries is - the pet capita income ( the  average income of a person in the country) . 

ii) It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country.

iii) As per 2017, the countries with per capita income of US $12,056 or more  are declared rich countries and the countries with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.

The limitations of the criterion are as follow:-

• i) It does not give any information about the distribution of the average income among the people in a country.
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• ii) It ignores important factors like literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare, etc. 

5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Answer: The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used by the World Bank because

 i)  World bank only uses per capita income for measuring the development of a country .

ii)  UNDP besides considering per capita incomes, compares countries on the basis of the educational level of the people, healthcare facilities and infant mortality rate which are important in improving the quality of life and making the citizens more  productive.

6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Answer: 

i) We use averages for a better understanding.

ii) While taking total income as comparison, it is the total population that makes variations and  big countries have always higher value than smaller countries. 

iii) So, average income shows per capita income of the citizens. It gives an edge over counting total income. 

Yes it also has some Limitations like There may not be equal distribution of income. 

A small number of people may be extremely rich and the masses may be poor. 

7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Answer: 

No, I do not agree that  income or per capita income should not be used to compare states. 

     However other factors like Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate and Net Attendance Ratio are also very crucial for overall human development. With keeping these factors in mind alongwith per capita, Kerala is better than Haryana. 

    

8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Answer: 

i) The present sources of energy used by people in India are firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. 

ii) The other possibilities fifty years from now could be using solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, tidal energy, wave energy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy, etc.

9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Answer: 

Sustainable development refers to , development should take place without damaging the environment. The issue of sustainability is important for development because it should not compromise on the needs of future generations. 

The unchecked exploitation of non-renewable natural resources like Petroleum, oil and minerals are increasing, as these natural resources are limited, so development should  not take place  at the cost of these scarce natural resources. 

10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.

Answer:

According to the statement  the statement, “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person” is completely relevant in terms of the development of a country because

The Earth provides  enough resources to meet the needs of all living beings still today's generation has become so greedy for their own betterment and development they do activities like - Deforestation, indiscriminate use of Agro-chemicals, extraction of ground water in excess of recharge capacity etc. 

As both resources and development are important, we should use the resources in a judicious way to meet our needs not to satisfy our greed. 

 

11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Answer:   The  few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe around us are:

• i. Water pollution by use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. 

ii.  Ground water depletion

iii. Soil erosion

• iv.  Deforestation
• 
  
• v. Burning of coal and mineral oil. 

Important Assignment Questions Of  Class 10 Economic Chapter 1  Development

 Very  Short type Questions

Q. 1.   What is Infant mortality rate? 

Ans.  It is the  number of deaths of  infants under one year per 1000 live births in a particular area. 

Q. 2.  What do you understand by HDI ? 

Ans.  HDI stands for Human Development Index. 

Q. 3.  Why Kerala has a low  infant mortality rate? 

Ans.  Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has  adequate provision of  basic health and  educational facilities. 

Q. 4.   Name the international organisation that publishes Human Development Report. 

Ans.  United Nations Development  Programme ( UNDP)  publishes  Human development report every year. 

Q. 5.  Which indicators taken into consideration for measuring Human Development Index ( HDI)? 

Ans.  Per Capita income,  Life expectancy at birth,  Literacy rate for 15+ population and Gross enrollment ratio for three levels. 

Q. 6.  Why do people look at a mix goals for development? 

Ans.  People look at a mix of goals for development because they want more income along with respect, dignity, safety, security, pollution free environment etc. 

Q. 7.  How many Countries  are  included  in HDI  ranking? 

Ans.  There were 189  countries are included in HDI as per 2019 report. 

Q. 8.  Which region of the world has the maximum amount of crude oil reserve? 

Ans.  The middle- East countries have maximum amount ( more than 50%)  of crude oil reserve. 

Q. 9.  What are the developmental  goals for landless rural  labourers? 

Ans.  Development Goals for landless rural labourers  are more days of work and better wages, local schools, which are able to provide quality education for their  children and there  should not be any social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village. 

Q. 10.  What is National income?  

Ans.  The Sum total of all goods and services produced within a country or nation's gross domestic product GDP plus net income received from overseas during a period of one year. 

       Short Answer Questions

Q. 1.  Mention any four characteristics of Development. 

Ans.  I) Development is linked with the desire to improve the present Condition. 

II)  Development involves thinking about the  questions and about the ways in which we can work towards achieving our desired goals. 

III)  There can be different development Goals for different persons. 

IV)  Development for one may not be development for others. It may even be destructive for other. 

Q. 2.  Why is Per capita Incomes not an adequate indicator of economic development of a country? 

Ans.  Average or Per capita incomes are useful for comparing countries, but they also hide disparities. 

They do not give  the true picture of a country due to the following reasons

i)  They do not tell us how equally or evenly  income is distributed. 

ii)  They do not give information regarding the human development index such as literacy rate, infant mortality rate etc. 

iii)  Average do not give us any information regarding the non-materialistic Goods and services. 

Q. 3.  "Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well" Is it true or not? 

Ans.  Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. Normally money cannot buy  us  a pollution-free  environment   or  ensure that we get  

Unadulterated medicine. Money  may also not be able to protect you  from  infectious diseases,  

Unless the  whole of  your  community takes  preventive steps. 

. Q. 4. Why  countries of the Middle - East  are not  called  developed in spite of  high  per Capita income? 

Ans.    The countries of middle-east  may have very high per capita income due to revenues from crude oil, but they are otherwise not  developed in each  sector (  except  Israel)  .  

       Their  literacy rate  , life  expectancy at  birth  and  other similar parameters do  not  match those of  developed countries of the West. The probable reason  is that they have become rich  Nations recently due to sharp increase in the price of  oil, but their  society has not  developed accordingly. Most of the  wealth is accumulated in few hands, so the society has widespread inequality. 

Q. 5.  Describe any  three public facilities needed for  development. 

Ans. Public  facilities  are  provided by the  government. Such facilities are:

i)  The Public Distribution system ( PDS)  , which provides fair average quality of  foodgrains  and other essential  items to weaker sections at subsidised price. 

ii)  Government schools which provide elementary education upto class 8  totally  free for  all  children  upto the age of  14  years. 

iii)  Healthcare  in government  hospitals and  dispensaries  is  provided to all  at subsidised rates.This  includes outpatient as well as hospitalisation facilities. 

        Long Answer Questions

 Q. 1.    "National Development of a  country depends on the  availability of public facilities  "  How? 

Ans.  Public facilities are those provided by the  government, instead of  the  individuals or private sources. For this reason, they may be either highly subsidised or totally free cost. They are important because  many  persons do not  have enough income to be able to avail facilities provided by the  private sector, resulting in  difficulties faced like inadequate  healthcare, poor nutrition, lack of education etc. 

The  utility of two public facilities available in India are 

i)  One public facility is the  Public Distribution system (PDC)  which provides fair  average quality of foodgrains and other essential items to the weather sections of the population at subsidised price. 

ii)  The other is healthcare in government hospitals and dispensaries, which is provided to all at  subsidised rates. This includes outpatient as well as hospitalisation facilities. 

Q. 2. Why is literacy essential for the economic development? Explain. 

Ans.  Literacy rate is essential element for the  economic development since:

I) Education only gives us  vast knowledge. 

II)  A literate person is eligible to get  suitable employment. 

III)  Education  develops the  ability to implement modern technology. 

IV)  With the knowledge of professional, technology can develop and  help in the development of the country. 

V)  Literate people understand the importance of  remaining  healthy and stay away from the  deadly disease. 

Q. 3.  Why do people's  development Goals vary? Explain with examples. 

Ans.  Different people have different goals. Each one of them  seeks different things. They  seek  things that are most  important for them  i.e  that  which can  fulfill their  aspirations or desires. 

For example,  landless rural labourer may  desire more days of work and better wages, whereas prosperous farmers may desire  assured high family income and children to be settled  abroad. In fact  at times, two persons or groups  may seek things which are  conflicting. 

For example, a girl excepts as much freedom and opportunities as her brother, and  that he  also  shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this. Similarly  to get  more electricity, industries may want more dams. 

     But this may submerged the land and  disrupt the lives of people who are displaced. They may  resent this and may  prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their fields. 

Q. 4.  What is the  criterion used by the  UNDP  for classifying countries? 

Ans.  United  Nations  Development  Programme (UNDP)  has used  the criterion of  Human Development Index  to measure the  development of  countries. HDI  is calculated on the  basis of:

i)  Per capita income :  When  the  total national  income of the  country is divided  by its population, we get  the per capita income. 

ii)  Life expectancy :  It measures the average age of  a  person  in a country. It helps us to know the health facilities of a country. 

iii)  Literacy rate  :  Education  is also one of the    most important criteria  for the development of a country. 

iv)  Gross enrollment ratio :  It measures  the  education gained at three levels ---  at primary, secondary and higher education level. 

        Per capita income is also calculated in dollars  for all countries so that  it can be  compared   easily. HDI  has been calculated for about 177 countries. According to it, the rank  of India  is 131 and  the  rank of Sri Lanka is 73,which is much better than that of India. We are  required to make  progress in the  education and health  sectors as yet. 

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