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Friday, 13 January 2023

WELFARE EXTENSION OFFICER Previous Year Question Paper

 Post Name: WELFARE EXTENSION OFFICER   Dec 2022 Question Paper with Answer | Previous Year Question Paper OSSC/OSSSC

General Awareness - General Awareness

Q. 1

Which is the hardest substance in the body?

(A) Knee

(B) Femur bone

(C) Enamel (Correct Answer)

(D) Skull


Q. 2

Which of the following Articles of the Indian Constitution provides protection against self-incrimination?

(A) 1950

(B) Article 17

(C) Article 31 

(D) Article 22


Q. 3

Combustion is a ___________.

(A) Biological process

(B) No reaction 

(C) Chemical process (Correct Answer)

(D) Physical process


Q. 4

Which of the following journals was published by Madam Bhikaji Cama?

(A) Bande Mataram (Correct Answer)

(B) Common Weal

(C) Yugantar

(D) The Sociologist


Q. 5

Which is the capital of Sikkim?

(A) Imphal

(B) Bhopal

(C) Kavaratti 

(D) Gangtok (Correct Answer)


Q. 6

Which of the following has become the first city in the country to get a processed steel slag (industrial waste) road?

A) Panaji

(B) Surat (Correct Answer)

(C) Mumbai

(D) Chennai

Q. 7

Part XIVA" of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following?

(A) Anti-defection

(B) Panchayats (Chosen option)

(C) Tribunals (Correct Answer)

(D) Municipalities


Q. 8

The force of gravity _______ with altitude and also varies on the surface of the earth.

(A) varies continuously

(B) increases 

(C) remains the same

(D) decreases (Correct Answer


Q. 9

What is the SI unit of the electric current?

(A) Ampere (Correct)

(B) Pascal

(C) Candela

(D) Mole


Q. 10

In India, who has the authority to make ‘extra-territorial legislation’?

(A) State Legislative Assembly

(B) Prime Minister of India

(C) Parliament of India (Correct Answer)

(D) Governor of the State


Q. 11

In India, who has the authority to make ‘extra-territorial legislation’?

(A) State Legislative Assembly

(B) Prime Minister of India

(C) Parliament of India (Correct Answer)

(D) Governor of the State


Q. 12

Srinagar is located on the banks of which river?

(A) Ravi

(B) Sutlej 

(C) Chenab

(D) Jhelum (Correct Answer)


Q. 13

The Asian Games is a multi-disciplinary sports event held once in every ________ years.

(A) Five

(B) Six

(C) Four (Correct Answer)

(D) Three


Q. 14

The Attorney-General of India is appointed by the:

(A) Prime Minister of India

(B) Chief Justice of India

(C) President of India (Correct Answer)

(D) Vice President of India


Q. 15

What is the expansion of "GDP", in economic terminology?

(A) Gross Domestic Pockets

(B) Gross Domestic Product (Correct Answer)

(C) Growth Domestic Product)

(D) Gross Duration Product


Q. 16

Who among the following discovered penicillin?

(A) Carolus Linnaeus

(B) Louis Pasteur

(C) Robert Brown

(D) Alexander Fleming (Correct Answer)


Q. 17

In September 2022, which among the following companies has been accorded with the status of a 'Maharatna' Central Public Sector Enterprise?

(A) Airports Authority of India

(B) Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited

(C) Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (Correct Answer)

(D) Indian Rare Earths Limited


Q. 18

What is the process of mixing an acid or base with water called?

(A) Alkalisation 

(B) Oxidation

(C) Reduction

(D) Dilution (Correct Answer)


Q. 19

When did the Quit India movement start?

(A) 1943

(B) 1942 (Correct Answer) 

(C) 1941

(D) 1939


Q. 20

The Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is constructed across which of the following rivers?

(A) Mahanadi

(B) Krishna (Correct Answer)

(C) Tapi

(D) Narmada 


Q. 21

The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has its headquarters in:

(A) Geneva (Correct Answer)

(B) Berlin 

(C) Vienna

(D) New York


Q. 22

In July 2022, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change had organized the Tree Festival “Hariyali Mahotsav” in which of the following cities?

(A) Agra

(B) Srinagar

(C) New Delhi (Correct Answer)

(D) Varanasi


Q. 23

Where is Wular Lake situated?

(A) Jammu and Kashmir (Correct Answer)

(B) Himachal Pradesh

(C) Punjab

(D) Haryana


Q. 24


When was the Indian National Congress founded?

(A) 1882

(B) 1875

(C) 1878

(D) 1885 (Correct Answer)


Q. 25

Where is the Dudhwa National park located?

(A) West Bengal

(B) Uttar Pradesh (Correct Answer) 

(C) Gujarat

(D) Assam


Q. 26

Which of the following is expressed by the unit ‘Hertz’?

(A) Amplitude

(B) Wavelength

(C) Frequency (Correct Answer)

(D) Radioactivity


Q. 27

What is the term of office of the Chief Election Commissioner of India?

(A) 10 years or until he attains the age of 65 whichever is earlier

(B) 5 years or until he attains the age of 65 whichever is earlier 

(C) 6 years or until he attains the age of 70 whichever is earlier

(D) 6 years or until he attains the age of 65 whichever is earlier (Correct Answer)


Q. 28

Dantewada iron ore deposits are located in ________ state.

(A) Chhattisgarh (Correct Answer)

(B) Meghalaya

(C) Uttarakhand

(D) Punjab


Q. 29

Which among the following States has Legislative Council?

(A) Assam

(B) Tamil Nadu 

(C) Karnataka (Correct Answer)

(D) Rajasthan


Q. 30

In which year, was the Central Administrative Tribunal set up in India?

(A) 1990

(B) 1995 

(C) 1985 (Correct Answer)

(D) 1950


Q. 31

The Constituent Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on _______________.

(A) 22nd August, 1947

(B) 9th December, 1946 (Correct Answer)

(C) 26th January, 1950 

(D) 26th November, 1949


Q. 32

The term 'secular' was added to the preamble of the Indian Constitution through which of the following Constitutional Amendment Acts?

(A) 22nd Constitution Amendment Act

(B) 44th Constitution Amendment Act

(C) 24th Constitution Amendment Act

(D) 42nd Constitution Amendment Act (Correct Answer)


Q. 33

Who renounced his knighthood to protest against Jallianwala Bagh massacre?

(A) Bhagat Singh

(B) Rabindranath Tagore (Correct Answer)

(C) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

(D) M K Gandhi


Q. 34

Name the body that consists of all persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at village level.

(A) Municipality

(B) Zila Parishad

(C) Gram Sabha (Correct Answer)

(D) Notified Area Committee


Q. 35

The splitting of white light into its component colours is called _______.

(A) refraction

(B) diffraction

(C) dispersion (Correct Answer)

(D) reflection


Q. 36

Where was the Mughal Emperor Akbar crowned at the age of 13 years?

(A) Kanpur

(B) Kalibangan 

(C) Kalanaur (Correct Answer)

(D) Mathura


Q. 37

The Santosh Trophy is associated with which of the following games/sports?

(A) Football (Correct Answer)

(B) Tennis

(C) Basketball

(D) Cricket


Q. 38

Which of the following is present in the Article 51A of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Preamble

(B) Fundamental Rights

(C) Fundamental Duties (Correct Answer) 

(D) Directive Principles of State Policies


Q. 39

Who among the following founded the Indian Association in 1876?

(A) Chittaranjan Das

(B) Badruddin Tyabji

(C) Surendranath Banerjee (Correct Answer)

(D) Allan Octavian Hume


Q. 40

Who among the following was the leader of Munda rebellion?

(A) Balavid Munda

(B) Raghav Munda

(C) Rajesh Munda

(D) Birsa Munda (Correct Answer)


Q. 41

The first Congress ministry in Odisha was formed with _____________ as the Prime Minister (or Chief Minister) of Odisha on 19 July 1937.

(A) Biswanath Das (Correct Answer)

(B) Harekrushna Mahatab

(C) Nabakrushna Choudhuri

(D) Krushna Chandra Gajapati


Q. 42

The Abel Prize recognizes contributions to the field of ___________.

(A) Social Work 

(B) Music

(C) Science

(D) Mathematics (Correct Answer)


Q. 43

The Phillip-Duff Committee was formed in the year:

(A) 1924 (Correct Answer)

(B) 1925

(C) 1927

(D) 1926


Q. 44

Which of the following is leguminous crop?

(A) Wheat

(B) Jute

(C) Rice 

(D) Chickpea (Correct Answer)



Q. 45

The Union Government, constituted a Commission in 1983 under the Chairmanship of ______________ to review the working of the existing arrangements between the Union and the States.

(A) Kaka Kalelkar

(B) M.M. Punchhi 

(C) B.P. Mandal

(D) R.S. Sarkaria (Correct Answer)


Q. 46

Wimbledon Championship is associated with which among the following sports?

(A) Chess

(B) Golf 

(C) Tennis (Correct Answer)

(D) Rowing


Q. 47

Which of the following rivers originates from the Meghasani Hills of the Similipal massif in Keonjhar district?

(A) Nagavali

(B) Brahmani

(C) Subarnarekha

(D) Salandi (Correct Answer)


Q. 48

Who among the following presided over the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1906?

(A) Dadabhai Naoroji (Correct Answer)

(B) S C Bose

(C) Lala Lajpat Rai

(D) Mahatma Gandhi


Q. 49

Chenab is a tributary of _________ river.

(A) Barak

(B) Indus (Correct Answer)

(C) Chambal

(D) Ganges


Q. 50

Avesta is the sacred text of which of the following religions?

(A) Islamism

(B) Sikhism

(C) Zoroastrianism (Correct Answer)

(D) Christianity


Q. 51

When was the Vijayanagara Kingdom founded?

(A) 1381

(B) 1326

(C) 1347 

(D) 1336 (Correct Answer)


Q. 52

Where is Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve located?

(A) Punjab

(B) Maharashtra

(C) Telangana 

(D) Madhya Pradesh (Correct Answer)


Q. 53

The famous Sanskrit Drama "Parashurama Vijaya" was written by:

(A) Purusottama Deva 

(B) Kapilendra Deva (Correct Answer)

(C) Anangabhima Deva III

(D) Pratarudra Deva


Q. 54

What was the first commitment period of Kyoto Protocol?

(A) 2007-2011

(B) 2008-2012 (Correct Answer) 

(C) 2005-2010

(D) 2010-2020


Q. 55

Richter scale is used to measure the effects of _______.

(A) Rainfall

(B) Earthquake (Correct Answer) 

(C) Tornadoes

(D) Tsunami


Q. 56

Who among the following is/are directly elected by the People of India on the basis of the Universal adult suffrage?

(A) The President of India

(B) Elected Members of Rajya Sabha

(C) Members of the Lokpal

(D) Elected Members of Lok Sabha (Correct Answer)


Q. 57

Kurnool is located on the banks of __________ river.

(A) Mahanadi

(B) Mahi

(C) Cauvery

(D) Tungabhadra (Correct Answer)


Q. 58

In India, what is the normal term of office of Governor of a state?

(A) 3 Years

(B) 4 Years

(C) 5 Years (Correct Answer)

(D) 2 Years


Q. 59

In India, what is the normal term of office of Governor of a state?

(A) 3 Years

(B) 4 Years

(C) 5 Years (Correct Answer)

(D) 2 Years


Q. 60

Who among the following Hindi poets composed 'Prithviraj-raso'?

(A) Panini

(B) Vishakhadatta 

(C) Chandbardai (Correct Answer)

(D) Vyasa


Q. 61

Which of the following Newspapers was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak?

(A) Al-hilal

(B) Rast Goftar

(C) Kesari (Correct Answer) 

(D) Native


Q. 62

Night blindness is due to the deficiency of which of the following vitamins?

(A) Vitamin A (Correct Answer)

(B) Vitamin C

(C) Vitamin D 

(D) Vitamin K


Q. 63

Which among the following is an Indian innovation in the field of parliamentary procedures?

(A) Lame-Duck Session

(B) Question Hour 

(C) Zero Hour (Correct Answer)

(D) Adjournment Motion


Q. 64

Where was the 17th G20 Heads of State and Government Summit held?

(A) Riyadh

(B) Bali (Correct Answer)

(C) New Delhi 

(D) Paris


Q. 65

Who among the following was the Viceroy of British India during Dandi March?

(A) Lord Minto

(B) Lord Irwin (Correct Answer) 

(C) Lord Curzon

(D) Lord Linlithgow


Q. 66

Which among the following subjects was transferred from the 'State List' to the 'Concurrent List' through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act?

(A) Capitation Taxes

(B) Education (Correct Answer)

(C) Gambling

(D) Tolls


Q. 67

Where are the nitrogenous wastes in humans such as urea or uric acid removed?

(A) Aorta

(B) Lungs

(C) Kidney (Correct Answer) 

(D) Blood vessels


Q. 68

How can we calculate per capita income of a country?

(A) Total Value of Goods and Services

(B) Dividing National Income by its total population (Correct Answer) (Chosen option)

(C) Total income of population plus export of the country

(D) Total Income of working Population


Q. 69

Which Portal has been launched by University Grants Commission (UGC) to resolve grievances of students and staff in varsities through a centralised portal?

(A) e- Dekhrekh

(B) e-Nigarani 

(C) e- Upay

(D) e-Samadhan (Correct Answer)


Q. 70

Ambubachi Mela is celebrated in which among the following states?

(A) Assam (Correct Answer)

(B) Manipur 

(C) Meghalaya

(D) Sikkim


Q. 71

Which river is also known as 'Dakshin Ganga'?

(A) Krishna

(B) Mahanadi

(C) Godavari (Correct Answer) 

(D) Narmada


Q. 72

_______ is used in glass, soap and paper Industries.

(A) Potassium Nitrate

(B) Milk of Magnesia

(C) Carbon Dioxide

(D) Sodium Carbonate (Correct Answer)


Q. 73

Which of the following separates the Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands?

(A) The Duncan Passage

(B) The Ten degree Channel (Correct Answer)

(C) The Eight Degree Channel

(D) The Coco's Channel


Q. 74

In India, the Agricultural Income tax is assigned to the state government by the:

(A) Finance Commission 

(B) Planning Commission

(C) Inter State Council

(D) Constitution of India (Correct Answer)


Q. 75

Which of the following international organisations releases the World Investment Report annually?

(A) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

(B) Asian Development Bank

(C) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Correct Answer) 

(D) New Development Bank


Q. 76

Which country has recently hosted the 90th General Assembly of the International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL)?

(A) Israel

(B) China

(C) North Korea

(D)    India (Correct Answer)



Q. 77

Who among the following Indian Freedom fighters died in the Lahore Central Jail after a 63-day hunger strike in 1929?

(A) Bhagat Singh

(B) Ashfaqullah Khan

(C) Chandra Shekhar Azad

(D) Jatindra Nath Das (Correct Answer)


Q. 78

What is called as the distance between the two consecutive compressions or rarefactions?

(A) Wavelength (Correct Answer) 

(B) Time period

(C) Frequency

(D) Oscillation


Q. 79

Which article of the Indian Constitution prohibits the state from conferring any title (except a military or academic distinction) on anybody, whether a citizen or a foreigner?

(A) Article 21

(B) Article 19 

(C) Article 18 (Correct Answer)

(D) Article 14


Q. 80

Which of the following was the capital of Kharavela?

(A) Simhapura

(B) Guhadevapataka

(C) Kalinganagari (Correct Answer) 

(D) Kongoda


Q. 81

The Concept of 'Single Citizenship' in the Indian Constitution was borrowed from:

(A) Britain Constitution (Correct Answer)

(B) Australian Constitution 

(C) Irish Constitution

(D) US Constitution


Q. 82

Who among the following was the founder of Utkal Sammilani?

(A) Laxmikanta Mohapatra

(B) Madhusudan Das (Correct Answer) 

(C) Nilakantha Das

(D) Krushna Chandra Gajapati


Q. 83

At present, which among the following is a statutory body in India?

(A) The Election Commission of India 

(B) NITI Aayog

(C) National Commission for Backward Classes

(D) National Disaster Management Authority (Correct Answer)


Q. 84

The first COP meeting of UNFCCC was held in which among the following Cities?

(A) Berlin (Correct Answer)

(B) Vienna

(C) Geneva

(D) Austria 


Q. 85

Which of the following Articles of the Indian Constitution directs the state to establish 'Uniform Civil Code'?

(A) Article 46

(B) Article 45

(C) Article 44 (Correct Answer) 

(D) Article 42


Q 86

What is the shape of Deccan Plateau?

(A) Rectangular

(B) Circular 

(C) Square

(D) Triangular (Correct Answer)


Q. 87

What is the full form of 'IMEI', a unique number for identifying a device on a mobile network?

(A) Interchangeable Mobile Equipment Identity

(B) Interacted Mobile Equipment Identity 

(C) Integrated Mobile Equipment Identity

(D) International Mobile Equipment Identity (Correct Answer)


Q. 88

How many Districts of Odisha share(s) boundary with the state of West Bengal?

(A) Two (Correct Answer)

(B) One

(C) Three

(D) Four


Q. 89

India's first e-waste eco park is to come up in which among the following states/Union territories?

(A) Chandigarh

(B) Tamil Nadu

(C) Karnataka

(D) Delhi (Correct Answer)


Q. 90

In September 2022, who among the following has been conferred France's top civilian honour for his/ her contributions in the fields of business and industry, science, medicine, and towards strengthening Indo-French ties?

(A) Aadi Godrej

(B) Rahul Bajaj

(C) Swati Piramal (Correct Answer) )

(D) Gautam Adani


Q. 91

In which of the following states, Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is located?

(A) Kerala

(B) Tamil Nadu (Correct Answer)

(C) Karnataka

(D) Andhra Pradesh


Q. 92

What is the chemical symbol of Silver?

(A) Pb

(B) Sl 

(C) Si

(D) Ag (Correct Answer)


Q. 93

What is the chemical formula of nitric acid?

(A) HNO3 (Correct Answer)

(B) KNO3

(C) NaNO3 

(D) AgNO3


Q. 94

What is the chemical formula of nitric acid?

(A) HNO3 (Correct Answer)

(B) KNO3

(C) NaNO3 

(D) AgNO3


Q. 95

Where is the headquarters of 'NABARD' located?

(A) Kolkata

(B) Chennai

(C) New Delhi

(D) Mumbai (Correct Answer) 


Q. 96

The Saka Era began in the year:

(A) 77 AD

(B) 79 AD

(C) 80 AD

(D) 78 AD (Correct Answer) 


Q. 97

Ravines are commonly found in which of the following river basins in India?

(A) Periyar

(B) Pranhita

(C) Chambal (Correct Answer) 

(D) Cauvery


Q. 98

What is the full form of 'NASA', one of the space agencies in the World?

(A) National Agency for Space Administration

(B) Natural and Scientific Administration

(C) National Agency for Scientific Association 

(D) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Correct Answer)


Q. 99

Qutb-ud-din Aibak became first Sultan of Delhi in the year:

(A) 1336

(B) 1206 (Correct Answer) 

(C) 1236

(D) 1192


Q. 100

What is the expansion of 'VVPAT', related to elections in India?

(A) Voting Verifiable Paper Audit Trail

(B) Voter Verifiable Paperless Audit Trail

(C) Voter Voting Paper Audit Trail

(D) Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (Correct Answer)




Wednesday, 14 December 2022

CTET SST Paper 2 Practice Questions

Important SOCIAL SCIENCE ( SST) Questions and  Answers for CTET / OTET/ OSTET/ All Competitive Exams 


Q. The oldest rocks in the world are found in Which Place?

  Answer : The oldest rocks in the world are in Western Australia. They are from 4,300 millions years ago.

Q. Which is the rarest Dimond?

Answer : Green Dimond is the rarest Dimond.

Q. What is  Anno Domini means?

Answer : Anno Domini means ' The Year of the Lord'.

Q. ' The History of British India' Published by whom?

Answer : The History of British India is published by a Scottish economist James Mills.

Q.  Why is sun temple of Konark called " Black Pagoda"?

Answer: Sun temple of Konark called Black Pagoda as this temple has been built by black stones.

Q. The Bruhdeshwar Shiva temple built by whom?

Answer:  The Bruhdeshwar Shiva temple at Tanjur in Tamilnadu built by King Rajraja I of Chola dynasty.

Q. The Tomb of Humayun at Delhi was made in which style of art?

Answer: The Tomb of Humayun at Delhi built by his wife Hammeda Begum in Iranian style of art. Red and White stones were used in it.

Q. Where does Tropical evergreen forest are found?

Answer: Tropical evergreen forest are found in Amazon basin in south America, Congo basin in Africa and in south-east Asian countries.

Q. Who has given 'Theory of Continental Drift '.

Answer :  Alfred Lothar Wegener a German meteorologist noticed that places separated by oceans and having different types of climate, have similar Fossils of plants and animals. Named the theory ' Continental Drift'.

Q. What is the approx weight of the earth's atmosphere?

Answer: The total weight of the earth's atmosphere is about 500 million tons.



Tuesday, 20 September 2022

Class 9 Geography | Climate | NCERT Solutions | Important Question Answer | Term 2 Social science



Class 9 Geography chapter 4 Climate Question Answer/ NCERT solutions 

   ðŸ‡ª 🇽 🇪 🇷 🇨 🇮 🇸 🇪  

1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?

(a) Silchar 

(b) Mawsynram 

(c) Cherrapunji

(d) Guwahati


(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:

(a) Kaal Baisakhi 

(b) Loo 

(c) Trade Winds

(d) None of the above


(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during winters in north-western part of India.

(a) Cyclonic depression 

(b) Retreating monsoon

(c) Western disturbances

(d) Southwest monsoon

 

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:

(a) Early May 

(b) Early July 

(c) Early June

(d) Early August



(v) Which one of the following characterises the cold weather season in India?

(a) Warm days and warm nights

(b) Warm days and cold nights

(c) Cool days and cold nights

(d) Cold days and warm nights




2. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India?

Answer: 

There are six major controls of the climate of any place. They are: latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea (continentality), ocean currents and relief features

(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?

Answer: 
India have a monsoon type of climate - as the word monsoon has derived from the Arabic word 'Mausim' meaning seasonal reversal of wind system.For the first time the sailors in Arabian sea noticed the change in wind system prevailing in India. The Monsoon type of climate Characterised by :-

i. Variations in temperature and rainfall pattern from place to place. 
ii.  Weather conditions changes from season to season. 
iii. The monsoon winds which comes from South-west region bring rain fall in all over India during the month June to September. 
iv. The summer monsoon when blow from sea to land carries moisture cause rainfall. 
v. The winter monsoon blow from the northern side of Indian subcontinent which doesn't contains moisture so, there is no rainfall or very less rainfall. 

(iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why?

Answer: 

In the Thar Desert the day temperature may rise to 50°C, and drop down to near 15°C the same night, due to lack of vegetation. 

(iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar coast?

Answer: 

South-West Monsoon Winds, are responsible for rainfall along the Malabar coast. 

(v) What are Jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?

Answer: 

i. Jet stream are a narrow belt of high altitude 
westerly winds in the troposphere.

ii. Jet stream located over 27° and 30° latitude called subtropical westerly Jet stream. 

 iii. Their speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter. 

iv. A number of separate jet streams have         been identified. Mid-latitude and the sub-     tropical  are two constant Jet stream. 


(vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?

Answer: 

The word monsoon has been derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which literally means season. ‘Monsoon’ refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.
The break in the monsoon rainfall refers to the dry spells when the monsoon rain takes place
only for a few days at a time. These breaks are related to the movement of the monsoon trough. When the axis of the monsoon trough lies over the plains, then the rainfall is heavier there. When the trough moves towards the Himalayas, the plains are dry but there is heavy rainfall occur over the mountains.



(vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?

Answer: 

 i. There is a great variation in temperature conditions in the subcontinent of India.
ii. The monsoons have a unifying influence as Precipitation that is caused affects the entire country.
iii. The monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water for agriculture that's why Monsoon considered a unifying bond in subcontinent of India. 

 

3. Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India?

Answer : 
 
The rainfall decrease from the east to the west in northern India because of the direction of the winds. It lose its moisture by the movement of the winds. 

4. Give reasons as to why.

(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent?
Answer :

    Seasonal reversal of wind detection takes place over the Indian subcontinent due to difference in wind pressure. 
El Nino also play a vital role for reversal of wind direction in India. 

(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.

Answer :

India receives rainfall due to South - West monsoon winds. The duration of monsoon winds is between 100 to 120 days. It enters to India from its southward side in the month of June and by the month of September it touches almost part of India. Hence the bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months. 

(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall.

Answer:

During winter north- east trade winds which moves from land to sea prevails most of part of India. This winds do not holds any moisture so there is dry season. However in Tamilnadu coast the winds blow from sea to land carrying moisture cause rainfall in Tamilnadu coast receives winter rainfall. 

(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones. 

Answer:

The Delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclone because of the depression originated over Bay of Bengal brought in by sub-tropical easterly jet stream. It causes widespread rainfall in the peninsula India.These cyclones are destructive in nature. It mostly affect Odisha, West Bengal and Andhrapradesh. 

(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone.

Answer:

Part of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the Leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone because they fall in the rain shadow region of Aravali hills. The slope of mountain which facing the moisture winds (south-west) receives high rainfall and the Leeward (opposite) side of the Western ghat receives very less rainfall hence those are drought-prone. 


Q5. Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.

Answer

There is regional variations in the climatic conditions due to difference in topography, temperature and rainfall,For example :-

i. In the summer season the temperature in some part of of Rajasthan reaches to 50° C, where as the temperature at Pahalgam in Kashmir is around 20°C.

ii. Similarly in winters night the temperature in Kashmir goes minuse 45°C,  at the same time Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala have a temperature of 20°C.

  In comparison to the interior of the country, the coastal and peninsula area experience very less seasonal contrasts. 

iii. There is also variation in perception pattern in India. In Himalayan region the  form precipitation is snowfall in the upper part. 

iv. Variation in amount from 400cm in Meghalaya to less than 10cm In Ladakh and Thar desert of Rajasthan. 

v. Most of the country receives rainfall in the month of June to September only Tamilnadu coast gets it in the month of October and November. 

Q6. Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.

Answer:

Following are the mechanism of monsoon

i. The differential heating and cooling of land water

ii. The shift of the position of inter Tropical Convergence Zone.

iii. The presence of the high-pressure area, east of  Madagascar.

iv. The Tibetan plateau gets Intensely heated.

v. The movement of the western jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the Presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.


7. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.

Answer :

The cold season in India start from mid of November and last till February.During this season the northeast trade winds prevail  over the subcontinent of India, they are dry as they blow from land to sea.This season is characterized by the following weather conditions :-

i. The temperature decreases from South to North.

ii. Days are warm and Dry and Nights are cold.

iii. Frosts are common in northern India and the Himalayan region experience snowfall.

iv. December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of the county.

v. The peninsula regions experience less impact of season change due to the moderating influence of  seas.


8. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.

Answer :

The monsoon rainfall in India characterized by the following things -

i. The duration of the monsoon varies from 100 to 120 days from early June to mid- September.

ii.Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues regularly for several days. This is called the ‘burst’ of the monsoon.

iii. They are distinguished from the pre-monsoon showers because of their increase in rainfall amount and regularity.

iv. The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian Peninsular generally by the first week of June.

v.The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the country.

Effects of the monsoon rainfall in India:

a)Agriculture in India largely depends on Indian monsoons for water. Late, Low or excessive rains have a negative impact on crops.

b)Due to uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are few places that are drought-prone and few are flood affected.

c )The monsoon provides India with a diverse climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people.









Wednesday, 14 September 2022

Atmosphere notes | Social studies for otet/osstet/JT/CHT/CTET/ Competitive exams

 Atmosphere - Components and structure of Atmosphere. Study notes for all competitive Examination. 

The composition and structure of the atmosphere





 

The air which surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere. The atmosphere is held to the earth due to its gravitational pull. The total weight of earth atmosphere is about 500 million tons. The atmosphere is essential for the existence of life on earth.

Composition of the atmosphere

The atmosphere is a mixture of colourless,  odourless and tasteless gases. The atmosphere contains two main gases oxygen ( 21%) and Nitrogen (78%).

Other gases found in small quantities include Argon carbon dioxide, neon,, hydrogen, helium, methane etc.

Besides these gases the lower layer of the atmosphere contains  water vapour,  dust particle, smoke, salt etc.

Heavier gas like oxygen is mostly found in the lower layer. All living organisms need oxygen to breath.

Nitrogen helps in the growth of living organisms.

 Carbon dioxide absorbs the heat radiated by the earth and keeps the planet warm. Plants use carbon dioxide to prepare food through the process of photosynthesis.

 

Structure of the atmosphere






 

The atmosphere has a layered structure. On the basis of composition, density, temperature and other properties the atmosphere can be divided into five layers –

Troposphere

 Stratosphere

 Mesosphere

 Thermosphere

 Exosphere

 

Troposphere

The troposphere is the lowest layer and is closest to the earth’s surface.

It extends  up to a height of about 8 km near the poles and about 18 km over the equator.

This layer protects us from the excessive heat of the sun during the day and keeps the earth’s surface warm at night.

The troposphere is the home of clouds, lightning, thunderstorm and other weather phenomenon.

With increase in height the temperature decreases at rate of 1° C per 165m of ascent called normal lapse rate.

Troposphere has about 90% of the air in the atmosphere.  Water vapour and dust particles are found only in this layer of atmosphere

 

Stratosphere

Stratosphere lies above the troposphere and it spread about 50 kilometre above the sea level.

 The lower part of the stratosphere between 15 km to 35 km has concentration of ozone and is thus called ozonosphere.

Ozone act as a barrier for ultraviolet radiation of the sun to reach the earth’s surface add protect life on earth.

 

Mesosphere

The mesosphere lies above the stratosphere. It extends from about 50 km to about 80 km above the mean sea level.

This is the coldest layer in the atmosphere.

 Meteors which comes from outer space burn up in this layer because of friction with the atmosphere.

The temperature decreases with height and reaches about -100° C at the heights of 80km.

 

Thermosphere

The Thermosphere lies above the mesosphere. It extends from about 80 km to about 400 km above the mean sea level.

The lower part of the Thermosphere is called ionosphere as it has  Ionized molecules.

In the thermosphere the temperature may  reach up to 1500°C at it’upper limit.

This layer reflects low frequency radio waves to earth. Thus It helps in long distance communication.

Exosphere

The exosphere is the uppermost layer.

 The density of air is very low and it is in a rarefied form.

Very light gases like hydrogen and helium are found in this layer.

 The exosphere merges is gradually into outer space.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Thursday, 8 September 2022

Green Revolution Short note | What is Green revolution| Green revolution in India

Green Revolution > What is Green Revolution > Who is known as the Father of Green revolution > Who  taken  initiative to start Green revolution in India. 


Green revolution came up to India in the decade of 1960, before that there was a time when  it found an acute food shortage in the country. Being an Agrarian country India had to import food grains. The country was struggling against such dependent conditions. Sudden population growth, natural calamities, passion for industrialization were few of the reasons for shortage of food. 

The idea of Green revolution was initiated by Norman Borough ( an American Agronomist) in 1960's. He developed a new variety of seeds called HYV ( High  Yielding Varieties) which helped tremendously to increase the Agricultural production. For his contribution to the field of Agriculture he received nobel peace Prize in 1970s. For this Great invention he is known as the 'Father of Green revolution' in World. 

What is Green revolution

The extraordinary increase in the agricultural production because of improved seeds, increased use of chemical fertilizers, intense efforts of the farmers, widespread arrangement for electricity distribution, improved facilities in irrigation etc. is known as 'Green Revolution'. 

In other words we can say Green revolution was the that weapon which resulted huge increase in agricultural production ( specially Paddy and Wheat in India) , by using HYV seeds, Chemical fertiliser and Insecticides. Farmers were encouraged to use chemical fertilisers to Grow more crops.  It was very helpful at that time to reduce and remove food shortage in the country. 


Green Revolution in India

Green Revolution in India started by M. S Swaminathan during 1960's. It has mainly focused on three things

     1. Using if HYV seeds with improved genetics.

     2. Increase of farming Areas. 

     3. Two crop season per Year. 

Impact of Globalisation on Indian Agriculture

The policy of globalisation has been implemented with the purpose that the Indian farmer can sell his farm products in world markets and earn profit. Many changes took place in the agricultural field due to Globalisation. The process to export and import crop productions is made very simple. 

The other results are :-  

Tremendous increase in crop produce. 

Reduction in import of food grain. 

Modernisation of Agriculture. 

Growth of industries to produce modern farm equipments. 

Increase in export of food items to other countries. 

Employment generation in rural areas. 

To face the competition in agricultural products in global market, India will have to adopt new technology and concentrate on quality. A series of planned steps will have to be taken to increase the economic prosperity and solidarity of people. With increasing population, the probably future increase in the demand for agricultural products and to maintain the March to economic progress, it is necessary to arrange the strategy for second green revolution. 







Thursday, 4 August 2022

Differences between Wildlife sanctuary and National parks | What is Biosphere reserve - Name of Biosphere reserve in India

 Difference between Wildlife sanctuary and National Parks - Biosphere reserve and name of Biosphere reserve in India

What are the differences among wildlife sanctuary  National Park and Bio- reserves.

Answer : Sanctuaries, national parks and bio-reserves are established for the protection of wildlife. All these 3 words sounds like synonyms but there are some differences. 

The differences between sanctuaries and national parks

 Wild life Sanctuary

National Park

1.Wildlife Sanctuary is a place, where animals are transferred to live and to remain secured.

 


2. Wildlife Sanctuary is established for the protection of some species. The sanctuary can be established by the government after certain process.

 

3.Human activities are permitted within certain limit.

 

 

4. Domesticated animals can be allowed to graze after due permission from the authorities.

 

5.  This is meant for only some particular Flora and Fauna.

 

6. There is no fixed boundaries.

 

7. A sanctuary can be Upgraded to a national park.

 

  8. Perriyar, Chandraprabha, Eturnagaram etc are famous sanctuaries.

1. National Parks refers to a region that is specifically reserved for the preservation of biodiversity and wildlife.

2. National Park is established through the coordination of state and  central government.

 

 

  3.Compared to the sanctuary, this is more  Protected zone.

 

 

 4. There is complete ban on animal grazing.

 

 

   5. This supports more than one ecosystem.

 

  6.It has well defined boundaries.

 

7.  National Parks can not be Degraded to sanctuaries.

 

8. Kaziranga, Corbett, Velavadar, Marine National park, Gir, Dachigam, Simlipal etc. are important National parks.

 

 

 

 

Bio-reserve

 A Biosphere reserve is a protected area reserved for the conservation of endangered species of Flora and Fauna.  It is a place  that preserve wildlife, landforms and waterways while providing appropriate public use and enjoyment of a natural environment. 

It is formed according to international norms.  This programme was initiated by UNESCO in 1971.The purpose is to protect the physical and cultural diversity of any region. Besides all vegetation insects and land of the area the lifestyle of the people living there is also protected.

There are  total 18 Biosphere reserve in India. The name are given Below

 

Name of Biosphere reserve

Location

Established year

Nilgiri

Tamil Nadu-Kerala and Karnataka

1986

Nanda Devi

Uttrakhand

1988

Nokrek

Meghalaya

1988

Great nicobar

 Andaman and nicobar

 1989

 Gulf of mannar

 Tamil Nadu

 1989

 Manas

 Assam

1989

Sundarbans

West Bengal

1989

Simlipal

Odisha

1994

Dibrusaikhowa

Assam

1997

Dehang-Debang

Arunachal Pradesh

1998

Pachmarhi

Madhya Pradesh

1999

Khangchendzonga

Sikkim

2000

Agasthyamalai

Kerala

2001

Achanakamar –    Amarkantak

Chhattishgarh

2005

Kachchh ( Largest)

Gujarat

2008

Cold Desert

Himachal Pradesh

2009

Seshachalam Hills

Andhrapradesh

2010

Panna

Madhyapradesh

2011