CBSE NCERT solution | Class VIII Geography | Resources

 Class 8 ncert Geography solutions 

           Resources

             EXERCISES

1. Answer the following questions. 

I) Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth? 

Ans: Resources are disturbed unequally over the earth because, it  depends upon numbers of physical factors like - terrain, climate and altitude  these factors varies from place to place. 

II) What is resource conservation? 

Ans: Careful uses of resources and giving them time to get renewed is called resource conservation. 

III)  Why are human resources important? 

Ans: Human resources are important because,human resource creates other resources by using their knowledge, skill and intelligence. 

IV) What is  Sustainable Development? 

Ans:  Sustainable development means " Utilisation of resources in such a way where the need of present generation will fulfill without compromising the need of future generations and the environment should not degrade. 

 2.Tick the correct answer. 

i) Which one of the following does not make substance a resource? 

a) utility    b) value        c) quantity

Ans: Quantity

ii)  which one  of the following is a human made resource? 

a) Medicine to treat cancer

b) spring water

c) tropical forests

Ans: Medicine to treat cancer

iii) complete the statement. Biotic resources are 

   a)  derived from living things

   b) made by human being

   c) derived from non-living things

Ans: derived from living things

3. Differentiate between the following

a)  Potential and actual resources

Ans:  Potential resources - i)  Potential resources are those resources whose entire quantity may not known and these are not being used at present. 

ii) These resources could be used in future. 

iii) EX: Uranium found in  Ladakh

         Actual resources- i)  actual resources are those resources whose quantity is known and currently in use. 

ii)  These are being used in Present. 

iii)  EX:The dark soils of the Deccan plateau in Maharashtra and coal deposit in Ruhr region of Germany. 

b) Ubiquitous and Localised resources

     Ubiquitous resources - i) Ubiquitous resources found everywhere. 

  ii) ex: Sunlight, Water, air etc

     Localised resources- i)  Localised resources are confined to  certain places or areas. 

  ii) ex:  minerals like iron ore, coal, gold, silver etc. 

                            *************

                Some Important Concept

  Biotic resources - All the living organisms are called biotic resources

 Abiotic resources - All the non living organisms are called abiotic resources

Renewable - The resources which are large in quantity and can reproduce again and again are called Renewable resources. 

Non-renewable - Those resources quantity are less in quantity and can't re produce again after it completion are called non Renewable resources. 

Natural resources-  Those resources which we directly get from nature are called natural resources. 

Human  made resource -  Resource what human being made by using their skills and knowledge are called humanmade resources. 

Human resources- The knowledge, skills, intelligence of the human being are called human resources. 

                      

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Class 9th French Revolution notes || History chapter 1 Class 9th notes

 Class 9th History Chapter 1  French Revolution Notes - Important points - Short notes... 

  Introduction:

The French revolution is the first successful revolution in Europe it set a landmark in the world History.  The Declaration of the Rights of man and citizen during the French revolution announced the coming of a new era. 

          The slogan of the French revolution Liberty, Freedom and Equality became the new language in world politics. 

French society During the Late 18th Century

Since 1589 , the Bourbon dynasty was ruling France and the kings were absolute monarch. 

i)  In 1774 , Louis XVI of the Bourbon dynasty came to power. 

ii) He married to the Austrian Princess Marie Antoinette at the age of twenty. 

iii) When he became the ruler, he found an empty treasure. 

iv) Long years of wars and extravagant lifestyle had drained all the financial resources of France. 

v) The cost of  maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles also added to the problem. 

             Louis XVI helped the Thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain, which was their common enemy. 

Structure of French Society in 18th Century

French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates

i) The first estate (constituted the clergy) 

ii) The second estate ( constituted the nobility) 

iii) The rest  of the population/  poor peasants (constituted the Third estate) 

Social Status of the Estate members

The 90 percent of the population are the part of Third estate. They did not hold any land most of them are landless labourers. 

The members of first two estates, that is clergy and nobility were Privileged by birth. 

They were exempted from paying taxes. Only the people of third estate were paying taxes. 

The Nobles further enjoyed feudal privileges.

Tithes:   A tax levied by the church, comprising One-tenth of the agricultural produce. 

Taille: Tax to  be paid directly to the state. Which were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt and tobacco. 

Emergence of Middle class

In the 18th century a new social group emerged who were known as the middle class. They had become rich through expansion of overseas trade. 

Outbreak of the Revolution

Estate General - A political body to which the three estate sent their Representatives. 

Assembly of the Estate General

Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estate general on 5th May 1789 to pass proposal for new taxes. In Versailles, a representative Hall was prepared to host the delegates. 

      The First and second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back. 

Demand for Voting in Democratic Way

This time the Estate general demanded a democratic method of voting, Louis XVI also was determined to continue the same Practice. 

But this time members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote. 

National Assembly of Third Estate

The representatives of the third estate assembled in the Hall of an indoor tennis court in the ground of Versailles on 20th June and they viewed themselves as the spoke man for France. They declared themselves as a National assembly. 

Mirabeau and Abbe Siyas were the representative and leaders of National assembly. 

Revolt in Bastille

While, the national assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a Constitution, the rest of France were suffering because a bad harvest led of increase in Bread price. 

On 14th July the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille. 

The Peasants looted hoarded grain, burnt down documents containing records of manorial dues 

 After facing the power of revolting subject, finally Louis XVI recognised the National assembly and accepted that his powers would from now on be checked by a Constitution. 

On  the night of 4th August, 1789,France passed the law for abolishing the feudal system of obligation and taxes. 

France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy

In 1791 the Constitution was drafted by the National assembly. It's main object was to limit the powers of the monarch. 

Powers were separated among Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. 

The Laws made by the National assembly

i)  The men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer wages were the active citizens. Remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens. 

ii) The Constitution began with a Declaration of the Right of man and Citizens. 

iii) According to this declaration, right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion and equality before law, were established as natural rights and it was the duty of state to protect these. 

Situation of France after July Revolution

Since 1789 , France continued to be tense.      Louis XVI entered into a secret negotiation with king of Prussia. 

    The National assembly declared war against Prussia and Austria in April 1792.  It was  a war against kings and aristocracies all over Europe. 

The Jacobin Club

The Jacobin comprised less prosperous section of society. They included shopkeepers, artisans, cooks, shoemakers, watch-makers, printers, servants and daily-wage workers. 

Their leader was Maximillian Robeesierre. 

Newly Elected Assembly:

The Convention

On 10th August 1792 , the Jacobins stormed the palace of the Tuileries, killed the King's guards and held the king himself as hostage for several hours. 

Elections were held and now all men above 21 years of age were allowed to vote. 

The newly elected assembly called the Convention, abolished monarchy on 21st  September 1792.

Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a Court on the charge of treason ( Betrayal of one's country or government) . 

On 21 st January, 1793 he was executed publicly at the place de la Concorde. 

Guillotine -  A device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. 

The  Reign of Terror

The period From 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the 'Reign of Terror'  in France. 

Robespierre followed a  policy of severe control and punishment. 

All those whom Robespierre considered as enemies of the republic including ex - Nobles and clergy, members of the political party, even members of Robespierre's own party who did not agreed with his methods were arrested and tried by a revolutionary tribunal. 

Churches were shut down and their building were converted into barracks or offices. 

He became a dictator of French. So his supporters in the end left him. He finally convicted by a court and guillotine in July 1794.

Role of women in Revolution

Wome played a very significant role in the French Revolution. 

Most of the women belonging to the third estate worked for a living and their occupations included dress makers, laundry workers, flowers vendors etc.. Sometimes worked as maid servants in the houses of the rich. 

Women in France were disappointed with the Constitution of 1791,Which reduced them to passive citizens who had no political rights. They demanded political rights viz, right to vote, to be elected to Assembly and to hold political office. 

To express their own views and demand women started their own political clubs and newspapers. About 60 women's Clubs came up in different cities of France. 

Amongst them The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was most famous. Their demand was that women enjoy the same political rights as men. 

Important Law

 1. Abolition of slavery. 

 2. Censorship - All written material and cultural activities, newspapers, books, play in the old Regime could be performed or Published, only after they had been approved by the censors of the king. 

3. With the abolition of censorship in 1789 and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, freedom of speech and expression became a natural right. 

4. Freedom of the press enabled voicing of opinion and counter opinion. 

5. The ideas of Liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. 

Conclusion

In 1804 , Napoleon Bonaparte a famous French General, crowned himself Emperor of France. 

He conquered neighbouring European countries, dispossessed dynasties even attacked Russia. 

He saw himself as a moderniser of Europe. He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system. 

  He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution, which spread all over Europe, leading to abolition of feudal systems and freedom of colonised nations. 

   Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy are some of the Indians who were inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution. 

                            Timeline

Year                                           Important Events

1774                                   Louis XVI ascended throne of France. 

5th May, 1789 ~     The king called an assembly of the Estate General to pass proposals for new taxes. 

20th June, 1789 ~    Third estate Representative assembled and took the Tennis Court Oath. 

14th July, 1789 ~  Storming of Bastille; French Revolution stared. 

4th August 1789 ~ National Assembly passed a decree to abolish the feudal systems of obligation and taxes. 

5th Oct 1789 ~ Women marched to Versailles and brought back king Louis XVI with them to Paris. 

1791 ~  National Assembly completed draft of new Constitution; Revolutionary woman Olympe de Gouges writes ' Declaration of the Right of Woman and Citizen'. 

April 1792 ~  National Assembly voted to declared a republic. 

1794 ~  Reign of Terror

21st Jan 1793 ~ Louis XVI executed

                1793 - 1794 ~ All slaves in French overseas possessions freed, but decision overturned by Napoleon ten years later

July 1794 ~ Robespierre arrested and executed

  1804~ Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France. 

 1815 ~ Napoleon finally defeated at Waterloo. 

 1848 ~ Slavery finally abolished in French-colonies. 

  1946 ~ Women in France won the right to vote. 

         

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Social science free sample paper 1 2020-21

       Social science Sample paper 

                        SECTION B                   ( 3×6=18) 

17. Name two main 'Satyagrah' movements organised by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of Peasants in 1916 and 1917.

Ans: i) Indigo  planters Movement in champaran, Bihar in 1916.

         ii) Peasants in the demand for relaxation of revenue collection. 

18. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.

Ans: Three beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815 we're:

       i) Established and traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy , the church, property and family should be preserved. 

  ii) They believed in the modernization of the traditional Institution to strengthen them, rather than returning to the society of pre-revolutionary days. 

iii) Also they believed that abolition of feudalism and serfdom and  replacing it with a modern  army, an efficient bureaucracy and a dynamic economy could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe. 

   Or. 

How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain. 

Ans: The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed. 

Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as  harbingers of liberty. As new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes. 

19. " Resources are a function of human activities ". Justify this statement. 

Ans:  Mere presence of resources, as free gift of nature, does not make them resources. Human being are essential components of resources because they transform material available in our environment into resources. The utility of resources depends on the stage of cultural development of man and the tools and technology used by him. 

20. What is majoritarianism? Is it wrong if a majority community in a country rules? Give reasons to justify your answer. 

Ans: A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority is majoritarianism. 

Yes, it is wrong if a majority community in a country rules

• The very idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. 

• A positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate it. Is good for democracy. 

• Power in the hands of one community will make the other community feel marginalised, deprived and discriminated. 

• The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of conflict and defiance of state power as in Sri Lanka. 

Or. 

What is vertical division of Power? 

Ans: When power is shared among government at different levels i.e. the Union or the central government, the state Government and the municipality and panchayat at the lower level. This division of power involving higher and Lower levels of government is called the vertical division of power. 

 21. Why do banks ask for collateral while giving credit to a borrower? 

Ans: Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns ( land, building, vehicle, livestock, land, documents, deposits with banks etc) which stands as a security against the money borrowed. In case the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral. 

22. What was the Rowlatt Act? 

Ans:  Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous power to suppress political activities and allowed detention of political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. In other words, the Act proposed no vakil and no daleel. 

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Social science Free Sample paper 1

           SOCIAL SCIENCE SAMPLE PAPER 1

                     SECTION-A             ( 1×16= 16) 

1. What was the main intention behind " Treaty of Vienna of 1815"? 

           a) Restore republics      

           b) Restore democracies

           c)  Restore Monarchies

           d)  None of these

Ans: Restore of monarchies

2. Who was proclaimed German Emperor after its Unification? 

         a) The Prussian king - Williams-I

         b)  The  French King - Louis Philippe

         c) Victor Emmanuel II

         d)  None of these

Ans: The Prussian king- William-I

3. Why was the slogans demanding " Swatantra Bharat " Important? 

        a) It showed the Greatness of Mahatma Gandhi

       b) They were going beyond their own locality and emotionally identifying with an all-India movement

      c) They were a unifying force of  the Non-Cooperation Movement. 

       d) The Various ways in which ' Swaraj' was interpreted by different people

Ans: They were going beyond their own locality and emotionally  identifying with an all-India movement

 4)Fill in the blank :

Ford Motors set up its first plant in India at _____________.

Ans:  Chennai

            Or. 

The most common route for investments by MNCs in countries around the world is to ____________.

Ans: but up local companies

5)  Choose the correctly matched pair of the state with its crop grown in India from the following:

        a) Rajasthan- Millets 

        b) Tamilnadu- Rice

        c) Madhyapradesh- Maize

        d)  Punjab - Pluses 

Ans: Madhyapradesh - Maize

6) Fill in the blank :

Rubber : equatorial,  Cotton : _________, Jute : Golden fibre

Ans: Fibre crops

7) Identify the  soil with help of the  following features. 

  • is  found in eastern coastal plains

  •  consists of various proportion of sand, slit and clay

  • contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime

Ans: Alluvial soil

8) Which of the following crops is used both as a food and as a fodder? 

  a) Jowar                          b) Wheat

  c) Maize                          d) Tea

Ans: Maize

9) Which level of government in India has the power to legislate on the 'residuary ' subject? 

    a) Union Government  

    b) State government

    c) Local self-government 

    d) Both (a) and (b) 

Ans:  Union Government

10) What are 'Union Territories'? 

Ans:  These areas are too small to become an independent state but they could not be merged with any of the existing states. These areas are called Union Territories. 

Or. 

    What is a Panchayat Samiti? 

Ans : A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form a Panchayat Samiti or a Block. 

11) Which aspect of dictatorship is better than democracy? 

Ans:  The aspect of dictatorship is better than democracy is that dictatorship regimes have had a slightly better record of economic growth and they are more efficient. 

Or 

Which provision of the  Indian Constitution grants equal status to all citizens? 

Ans: Equality before law for all and provision of equal opportunities to all of the Indian citizens. 

12.   Read the given data and find out which country has most equitable distribution of income

Countries      Income of citizens in four countries in 2106

                    Citizen I   Citizen II    Citizen III  citizen IV  citizen V    Average 

Country A 600          900        400    1200   700   760

Country B  500         700        600     800     600   640

Country C  11500      12000   9000   12000  9000   10700

Country D 600         400      800      2000   4000   1560

         a)  Country A           b) Country B

         c)  Country C            d) Country D

Country C

  13. Read the information given below and select the correct option -

Mukesh is an agricultural labourer. There are several months in a year when he has no work and needs credit to meet his daily expenses. He depends upon his employer, the landowners for credit who charges an interest rate of 8 per cent per month. Mukesh repays the money by working physically for the landowner on his farmland. 

Over the years his debt well

a) Be totally repaid - as he is repaying the debt in the form of physical labour

b) Reduce- as amount equivalent to his salary is being counted as monthly repayment

c) Increase- because of increasing interest and non-payment of monthly amount

d) Remain constant - as he is working for the employer but is repaying less

Ans:  Increase- because of increasing interest and non-payment of monthly amount

           Or. 

Most of the agricultural labourers like Mukesh depend upon loans from informal sector. Which of the following statement about this sector is correct_

a) There are government bodies to supervise informal sector

b)  Cost of informal loans to the borrower is quite high

c) Money lenders ask for a reasonable rate of interest

d) Money lenders use fair means to get their money back

Ans: (b) Cost of  informal loans to the borrower is quite high

14) Which one of the following is the newer way of providing loans to the rural poor, particularly women? 

a) Cooperative Banks 

b) Germeen Banks

c) Self-help Groups 

d)  Money lenders

Ans: c) Self-help Group

15)  Globalisation has led to improvement in

a) Choice to consumers

b) quality of goods and services

c) foreign investment

d) all the above

Ans: d) all the above

16) In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R) . Read the statements and choose the  correct options:

Assertion (A) : We compare the average income which is unevenly distributed income of the country divided by half of its population. 

Reason (R) : The average income is also called per capita income. 

Options:

a)  Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. 

c) A is true but R is false. 

d) A is false but R is true. 

Ans: d) A is false but R is true. 

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Class 11th arts chse political science (unit-2) chapter-6 "liberty" shortnotes

 (Unit-2)                      

                              Chapter-6 

                           "Liberty short notes"

  Introduction:-

"Liberty" is an important concept in political science. The idea of liberty has made a tremendous Appeal to man. Nowadays also the battle of liberty is not silent, when ever and wherever  individual suffer injustice and tyranny sonner or later they come forward to fight in the name of "Liberty".

                          A man clothed with liberty is a man . otherwise he is determined , a mere slave, an animal. Thus liberty and humanity are closely associated with eachother.

 Meaning:

The term liberty was derived from the Latin word "liber" which means free. 

There are two aspects of liberty :- (i) Negative aspects of liberty (ii) positive aspects of liberty which was defined below.

Negative aspects of liberty:-

The negative aspects of liberty implies absence of restrains it means that every individual in his private sphere of life should be complete by freeform any controler interference by either the state society or by any other individuals.

Positive aspects of liberty:-

(i) The positive concept of liberty doesn't accept liberty as mear absence of restrains.

(ii) It advocates the need of reasonable restrains for the enjoyment of liberty 

(iii) It also advocates for providing adequate opportunities to the individual for the development of his personality.

(iv) The supporters of positive liberty argued that liberty is not simple absence of restrains but present of socio economic and political conditions for proper enjoyment of liberty.

To sum of positive liberty means the following:-

(i) Liberty is not absence from restrains.

(ii) Liberty means presence of reasonable restrains and absence of  irrational restrains.

(iii) Liberty means postive opportunities for self development or development  of human personality.

(iv) Socio economic equality is pre condition for realisaty  of true liberty.

                          Types of liberty

1.)Natural liberty

(i) Natural liberty implies complete and absolute freedom of the individual. (ii) It is unrestricted freedom to think and act as one desire.

2.) Civil/personal liberty

(i) Personal liberty or civil liberty means "liberty of a man in a capacity of an individual person. (ii) Civil liberty consist of the right and privilege the state create for its subject.(iii) It is the liberty which a man enjoy as a member of civil society.

3.) Political liberty

(i) Political liberty also called constitutional liberty.(ii) Political liberty is enjoyed by the individual in the capacity of a citizen. (iii) It implies participation of people in the political process. (iv) Political liberty also includes right to vote,right to contest as a candidate in election, right of hold public office, right to criticize the government etc.

4.) Economic liberty

(i) Economic liberty seeks to provide opportunities to all the individual to get all the basic things of substance it means that every individual should have the capacity of securing his "Daily bread without having to depend on others will. (ii) Economic liberty consist in the individual right to work any to a minimum ways right to form union and right to provisions again old age seekness, unemployment accident and maturnity benefits.

5.) National liberty

The national liberty consist of :- (i) freedom of a nation to determine its internal and external policies without any external control. (ii) To organise ones own government or self government.(iii) To have a constitution of their own.

6.) International liberty

(i) International liberty covers the world as a hole.    (ii) It implies renunciation of war policy of disarmament and limitation of an product and use of armament.

7.) Moral liberty

(i) Moral liberty is a great importance in the life of an individual. (ii) Moral liberty means the freedom to do things according to the dictates someone conscience.

Liberty is a multi-dimensional concept. There are different types of liberty but few of them we had discussed in the above points....      

 -End-

 

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Class 11th arts English book-2 chapter-1 Three questions question and answers

                Three questions

(Unit-1)

Think it out

1.)what were the three questions that occurred to the king?what did he do get the answers to his questions?

Ans. The three questions that occurred to the king's are:- (a) what is the right time for a work to be. done.(b)who is the most important person to listen to.(c)what is most important thing to do.                      He thought that he would never fall once he knew the answers to the questions, Throughout the kingdoms the kings announced a reward for those who could answers the questions.

2.)What answers did the wise man give to his first question?

Ans. The answer for the first question some said the king must prepare a time table and follow it's strictly. Some also said that it was impossible to decide in advance the right time for doing something.The king should avoid  pleasure and always  do whatever is important.Yet some other said that the king needed council of wise man would help him to act at the proper time.This was because one man alone would find it impossible to decide correctly. Without the help of others the right time for every time for every action.

3.) How did the wise man answer his second question?

Ans. In answer to second question some said the people the king most needed were his councillors,.  Others said the priest, other said the doctor,while other said the warriors were the necessary.

4.) What answers did the king  get for his third question?

Ans. To, the third question,as what was the most important occupation,some replied the most important things in the world was science.other said it was skill in warfare,and other again, that it was relegious worship.

5.) Why did he decide to consult a hermit?

Ans. The king was not satisfied with the answers that he got from the people so he gave no rewarded to anyone. Finally he decided to consult a hermit to find the right answers of his questions.

(Unit-2)

Think it out

1.) Where did the king meet the hermit ? How did the hermit received the king?

Ans. The kings went to meet the hermit by putting on ordinary clothes.  As the hermit only meet the simple people the king did not want to reveal his indentity to the hermit. As he reached the  woods. The king got off the horse and left for the hermit's house on foot without being accompanied by his bodyguards.

2.) How did the king helped the hermit?

Ans. The king took the spade from the hand of tired hermit and started digging ground.

3.) How did the king nurse the wounded stranger?

Ans. The king washed the wounded and covered the wound of the man with his handkerchief and kept on dressing it until the bleeding stop completely. The king also offered the wound man water to drink.

4.) Why did the wounded person desire to serve the king as his most faithful slave?

Ans. The wounded man was the enemy of this king. He wanted to kill the king but the king saved his life. The wounded man asked the kings forgiveness and wanted to serve the kings as a very faithful slave.

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Important Class 10 History Question | Board Exam 2021| The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

 Important History Question Class 10 || CBSE 

            The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Q1) Write three features of the Painting of Frederic Sorrieu? 

Ans: Features:

i) Men and Women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage. 

ii) Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Right of Man. 

iii) On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. 

Q2)  How was France Responsible  in spreading nationalism to other part of Europe? 

Ans: i) Students and other  members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin Club like in France, in European countries. 

ii) Their activities and campaign prepared the way French armies which moved into Holland, Switzerland, Belgium, and much of Italy in the 1970s.

iii)  With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. 

Q3)   What kind of policy was followed by Bismarck? How did he manage  to oust Austria from the German federation? 

Ans: i)  Bismarck followed the policy of ' Blood and Iron'

         ii) He was the architect of this process, which he carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. 

      iii) Three wars were fought for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France, which ended in the victory of Prussia and completed the process of unification. 

Q4) Explain the role of romanticism in National feeling. 

Ans:  i) Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of nation. 

ii) It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the Nation was popularised. 

iii) Emphasis was given on the vernacular language and the collection of folklore, to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences. 

Q5) Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s.

Ans: i) Enormous increase in population was seen all over Europe. In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment. People from rural areas migrated to cities and started living in crowded slums. 

ii) Small producers in towns were often faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England. 

iii) In Europe, where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. 

iv) Tha Rise of Bread prices forced common people to raise their voice. 

         5 marks Questions

Q1) What conditions led to the development of a new middle class in Europe? 

Ans: i)  The growth of industrial production and trade meant to the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was on production for the market. 

ii)  In France and parts the German states, it occurred only during 19th century. 

iii) In it wake, new social groups came into being, a working class population and middle classes made up of industrialist, businessman and professionals. 

iv) In Central and Eastern Europe. These groups were smaller in numbers till late 19th century. 

v) It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. 

Q2) What was zollverein? Why was it formed? 

Ans: In 1834,the customs union of zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by most of the German states. 

i) The Union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. 

ii) The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. 

iii) A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time. 

iv) Varied currencies and weight and measures were obstacles to economic growth, so the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital was needed. So, Zollverein was formed. 

 

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